jarrod case study Essay example - 1551 Words

Assignment 2 – Case Study 1. Explain how the concept of nature versus nurture may assist Jarrod to understand his personal history. By explaining the nature versus nurture theory to Jarrod I would hope to help him understand on a very basic level that history often repeats itself. I would endeavor to help him realise that his own behaviour throughout his life, is directly linked to the behaviour of his mother and his father. Some theorist believe that who we are, who we become, is predetermined by nature. They believe that we are born this way as it is in our genetic makeup. That it is not only our hair colour or facial features that resemble our parents but also our intellect and personality. If it is all down to nature, Jarrod†¦show more content†¦During his early adolescence the id was dominant in many of Jarrod’s decisions. His use of illegal drugs was the id’s instinctual response to reducing the pain that Jarrod felt about his life at home. The id is impulsive and cares little for consequence. It is driven by the need to avoid discomfort and has no regard for what is right or good. This explains the poor choices that landed Jarrod in juvenile detention. His lack of impulse control also points to a personality that is primarily driven by the id component. This could also be a result of guilt and shame arising when the super-ego is allowed some input. In Jarrod’s current phase his personality seems more balanced. It appears that he is living in the here and now and has stopped trying to escape the demons of his past by the use of illegal substances. He is no longer running away from his problems and is beginning to take some ownership over his behaviour. This is his ego in action. He wants to take control of his life. Understanding Freud’s theory enables me to understand driving forces behind his past decisions. It also allows me to see that he is now able to control his impulses and delay decision making until he has considered the consequences of his actions. He will be more reasonable to work with inShow MoreRelatedWhy Suicide Is The Third Leading Cause Death Among Young People2319 Words   |  10 Pagesinterviewer should attempt to learn when it comes to assessing suicidal problems or risks. In the above statements Bryan describes the different areas an interviewer should cover in order to diagnose the problem step by step. One case study from the book about a guy named Jarrod could be an example of why many young people may commit suicide. The people who were around this guy failed to recognize the signs that he showed before he died. He was not talking to anyone including his friends and family andRead MoreThe 2016 College Basketball All Americans Are A Surprising Bunch1986 Words   |  8 PagesWith the exception of Ben Simmons and Jamal Murray, there is a conspicuous lack of former blue chip prospects on the list. This year it was unheralded players from states not considered to be basketball hotbeds that ended up making huge impacts huge. Jarrod Uthoff was a 90th ranked recruit in his high school class and from the state of Iowa. Georges Niang was ranked 56th and from Massachusetts. Kris Dunn was ranked 23rd and from Connecticut. This didn’t stop them from all eventually becoming all-americansRead MoreThe Importance Of A Shared Identity Between Sovereign And The People Essay1757 Words   |à ‚  8 Pageswill aid in understanding ulterior motives that have been concealed by the securitization process from public scrutiny. 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Based on studies conducted in recent years it has been discovered that it is extremely helpful when parents take an active involvement and although not all problems were resolved there was significant headway made in the children as well as the families, (LefflerRead MoreTh e Medias Influence on Public Opinion2435 Words   |  10 Pages this is done by shifting through topics and issues quickly before people lose interest. News media often sets a rapid pace for moving through topics to be discussed and governments sometimes feels the need to keep up with this pace. This was the case in 1989 when former U.S. President Bush addressed his country, via television broadcast, to declare a war on drugs. However, this was not the first appearance for the issue in the eyes of the public; the media had already been covering the crisisRead More Stuck: Young Adults Battling Depression Essay2047 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Sometimes I dreaded lifting my legs out of bed.† He used to prolong getting up and thought of things he could do to stay in solitude. Zakrzewski, who was diagnosed at the age of 18, is one of many young adults who suffer from depression. Various studies over the years have shown that the number of adolescents and young adults who have depression is steadily rising. Martin Seligman wrote in the book, Abnormal Psychology, that one out of six teenagers now suffer a serious episode of depressionRead MoreUsing Examples and Case Studies Discuss and Evaluate the Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment on Host Country Economies.3000 Words   |  12 PagesWord count 2.269words Using examples and case studies discuss and evaluate the impacts of foreign direct investment on host country economies. Introduction Foreign Direct Investments are long term capital holdings directly invested in one country by another country. These foreign direct investments can be either outwards or inwards. The outward foreign direct investment is also referred to as investments abroad and is usuallyRead MoreLandfill Site Selection in Trinidad Tobago2601 Words   |  11 Pagesmust be done at selected sites to ensure precision of the data. Buffers around residential, commercial and industrial areas do not need to be exactly as that suggested. A tolerance of a few metres may be used to cater for short distances, e.g. in a case where someone’s property falls partially within the buffer zone, the buffer distance may be reduced to exclude the person’s property. Data collected would define the buffer zone but this may prone to various inaccuracies. Data used may not be up toRead MoreThe Game Of Cricket : Cricket2494 Words   |  10 Pagesan interview for the documentary â€Å"Death of a Gentleman† that â€Å"I fear for the importance and relevance of test cricket in today’s game†. During Holding’s time as a professional test cricket was the pinnacle of cricket. Now, however, that is not the case as shorter formats have taken its place as the premier sporting events. Furthermore, this decline in test cricket is not just felt in the Caribbean; Sri Lanka and Bangladesh have felt this decline also. The fire to play test cricket is extinguishedRead MoreCh02 Sm Leo 10e12982 Words   |  52 Pages the company can, depending on the constitution, retain the funds already paid on the forfeited shares in which case the Forfeited Shares account will be considered a reserve and part of equity. Alternatively, the forfeited s hares can be reissued and the amount received, less the costs of forfeiture and reissue of shares, may then be refunded to the former shareholders. In this case, the Forfeited Shares account is a liability. 6. How should a company account for the legal costs of formation?

Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart Women’s Roles in Umuofian Society Free Essays

Literature and Liberation- Prof. Sicari December 3rd, 2012 Women’s Role in Umuofian Society Chinua Achebe’s â€Å"Things Fall Apart† depicts the downfall of the once great tribe of Umuofia at the hands of imperialistic European white men. However the downfall of this advanced tribe would come to be inevitable due to its numerous flaws, in terms of their â€Å"justice† system, extreme religious interpretations of the Oracle and perhaps most heavily because of their intensely misogynistic views. We will write a custom essay sample on Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart: Women’s Roles in Umuofian Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Umuofia’s harsh and brutal treatment of women in their society reveal the fact that women are not acknowledged to even be human, much rather they are treated as possessions – as property. Men believe women to be powerless, defenseless and ultimately useless but this ignorant belief proves to have detrimental consequences. These misogynistic views in turn become the very foundation upon which this society will unravel. With imperialistic missionaries arriving with the tempting offer of a different and more appealing lifestyle, the once united Umuofia will wither away. Umuofia is a tribe located in Nigeria, Africa coming from humble beginnings, the means of success in this tribe come through hard manual labor such as farming. Having to start from scratch several times many men have solidified their status because of their persistence, earning themselves many titles. However, a man who earns no titles is referred to as an â€Å"agbala† (p. 13) – which also means women, but when used to refer to a male it is an insult. This exposes to the reader the fact that the word failure is synonymous with women, they are interchangeable, having the same meaning. In â€Å"women† being the choice word to insult a man it also paints the picture under which light women are viewed by men, to be a woman is to be unsuccessful and to carry no value. Another manner in which a man further reinforces his titles is in acquiring several wives. The number of wives a man has affects his social status, exemplifying that women are possessions of men. It’s a numbers game with men, using women as their pawns so they can further embody the â€Å"true meaning† of what it is to be a man Further exemplifying the misogynistic views of this society is demonstrated in the domestic abuse females face at the hands of their spouse. Okonkwo, an aggressive being by nature is no different towards his wives. In Chapter 4, Okonkwo violently beats his third and youngest wife, Ojiugo, â€Å"And when she returned he beat her very heavily† (p. 29) because when he arrived home food was not yet prepared and she instead of having a hot meal waiting for him went to get her hair braided. Okonkwo blind in his rage beats her brutally claiming negligence, completely forgetting the fact that it was the sacred Week of Peace – â€Å"His two wives ran out in great alarm pleading with him that it was the sacred week† (p. 9). For beating his wife during the Week of Peace, Okonkwo is punished, the priest demands that Okonkwo sacrifice a nanny goat and a hen and pay a fine of one length of cloth and one hundred cowries. This scene reveals just how corrupt the Umuofian justice system is, Okonkwo is punished not because he laid his hands on his wife but because of the time in which he did it. It is not frowned down o n when a male hits a female, in fact it is encouraged and Okonkwo from time to time threatens to kill his wives. It is not viewed as monstrous when a male beats a female in this society and is applauded, they feel as though women must be kept in line and know their duties as well as complete them fully anything less is negligence and physical abuse is their wake up call. Adding to the fact that men can get away with hitting their wives, the very few times in which this justice system does side with women it is very partial – with men relatively receiving a slap on the wrist. This is shown in Chapter 10, a dispute that comes before the egwugwu (the clan’s ancestral spirits) that involves a husband and wife. The husband, Uzowulu, states that the three brothers of his wife, Mgbafo, beat him and took her and the children from his hut but would not return her bride-price. The woman’s brothers justify their actions in stating that Uzowulu beat their sister mercilessly. They state that Uzowulu’s punishment if Mgbafo returns with him will be that his genitals be cut off if he ever beats her again. Uzowulu claims that he sees no wrong in his ways, â€Å"I married her with my money and my yams, I owe them no cocoyams† (p. 90) is his defense. He feels as though he owes his in laws no explanation and how he treats his wife is no ones oncern. This statement proves that he views his wife as just another possession of his, he paid the price and he can do as he pleases with her from that point forward. The egwugwu decide in favor of Mgbafo, telling Uzowulu to take a pot of wine to his in-laws. One village elder complains that such a minimal matter should not be brought before them , again exposing the fact that domestic abuse is not seen as an issue in this society. In Umuofia, there are two types of crimes that can be committed, feminine crimes and masculine crimes. Okonkwo accidentally kills a clansman during a funeral, this crime falls under the category of feminine because it wasn’t a killing on purpose – â€Å"Okonkwo had committed the female, because it had been inadvertent. † (p. 124). In categorizing crimes under these two types the reader receives insight as to what characteristics pertain to each gender in the eyes of this society. Feminine crimes are accidental, without intent, inadvertent – these characteristics all associate with the way that men view females, carrying negative connotations that make it seem as though women don’t have strength. Masculine crimes on the other hand lie on the other side of the spectrum; these crimes consist of blunt, direct acts with an intent or purpose to be completed. These characteristics are some of the many males wish to possess in their attempt to fulfill what it is to be a man. Men are strong with a sense of direction and purpose and so are these crimes. Okonkwo agrees with the society’s interpretation of genders, primarily in his wishing that his daughter, Ezinma, were a boy. Ezinma, is Okonkwo’s favorite child, he loves her very much but does not show affection towards her due to his fear of being viewed as weak by the men of his tribe. Any emotion other than anger is a feminine emotion in the opinion of Okonkwo. Multiple times throughout the novel Okonkwo catches himself wishing that Ezinma were a boy, â€Å"If Ezinma had been a boy I would have been happier. She has the right spirit† (p. 66). Okonkwo claims that she would have been the ideal son, strikingly similar in their nature and mindset, Ezinma fulfills all the qualities her father desires in his children- except for one. As she is a woman all of these talents and qualities will go on unexplored and unused. Society feels as though it is the duty of a woman to bear sons, â€Å"prosperous men and great warriors your daughter will bear us sons like you† (p. 117). Ezinma has proven herself time and time again but will always fail in the eyes of Okonkwo, through the love and fondness he has for her she will never be able to change the fact that she is a female and he will never be able to change his misogynistic views. Okonkwo is very capable of feeling feminine emotions but as for exposing and expressing them he is blind in his immense resentment towards his father, Unoka, and everything he represented. These misogynistic views take a toll on the tribe and prove to become their undoing. Christian missionaries soon arrive to the tribe with the intent of converting as many of the tribe members as possible, presenting them with a tempting offer that proves to entice one too many for the liking of Okonkwo. On the surface Okonkwo resist the implementation of Christianity because it is not â€Å"manly† enough, but frankly it is the deep rooted fear of losing societal status that prevents him from embracing this religion. His sense of self-worth is solely based on the traditional standards by which society judges him. The system of evaluation that the Christians introduce causes many of the tribe members embrace Christianity; the evaluation of self, not possessions is what composed one’s worth. Those who were once outcasted, scorned and belittled found value in Christianity. In their new community, these converts enjoy a more elevated status – no longer being the underdog was a more then welcomed change, the biggest underdog of them all being women. Presently, Works Cited Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. New York: Anchor, 1994. Print. Denny, Frederick Mathewson, Carlos M. N. Eire, Martin S. Jaffee, and John Corrigan. Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2012. Print. How to cite Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart: Women’s Roles in Umuofian Society, Papers

Campus free essay sample

But approaching them in a systematic manner, is a must. Step 1: Build a Resume 11M students get started six months ahead of placements. Whats more, the resume undergoes at least 30 cycles of change and review! Start by reading at least 15 articles on Resume, online, and develop your own understanding of what constitutes a good resume. The layout must be clean avoid unnecessary clutter, fancy fonts or colours. Keep the text sharp by editing out unnecessary words but at the same time highlighting your strengths. Choose your words strategically. For instance, Was captain of my college cricket team at the inter-college sports meet could read as Led y college cricket team in the inter-college tournament. A useful rule of thumb while deciding what to include in the resume see if it really helps the recruiter make a decision about you. For instance, writing your fathers name or marital status (in most cases) adds no value. We will write a custom essay sample on Campus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Projects, training and internships must be described in such a way that they reflect your contribution. You could use a three-point format, each point not more than one sentence project objective, what you did and what you achieved, that is, the result. Highlight extracurricular activities where you excelled ver others. Show the first draft to your Training Placement Officer (TPO), a lecturer who has worked in the industry or anyone with professional exposure whom you can trust for the right guidance. Get it reviewed by as many people as possible and incorporate whatever feedback that makes sense to you. Step 2: Know the opportunities Talk to your TPO and keep abreast of companies visiting the campus, the roles on offer and their selection processes. Some companies may cancel their visits at the last minute and some new ones may be roped in. Keeping track of these evelopments as they happen could prove to be vital. Step 3: Practice interviewing What would you do if you were asked to give a guitar performance at the Taj Mahal in six months time? Youd learn to play the guitar and practice till your fingers hurt. And then, practice some more! Do the same for your campus interview performance: Read all you can about interviews, by logging on to the Internet. Create, collate or download a list of common interview questions. Reflect on who you were as a child, a teen, an adult, a student and a triend. What excites you in lite and what depresses ou? What are you good at and what are you bad at? The key is to know yourself. Only then youd be able to tell others about yourself with conviction. Next, think about the interview questions: strengths/weaknesses, long-term/short-term career goals, what motivates you, skills, and career interests. Develop and answer your list of questions. Get someone with industry experience (and of course, the willingness to help), to review your answers. Revisit your answers and incorporate whatever feedback makes sense. The objective is to portray that you know yourself well enough to be able to ake sound career decisions. When someone asks you about your strengths and you take two minutes to blurt out a badly-formed answer, he would think you dont know yourself well enough and hence he cannot trust you when you say you are interested in working for his company. All the thinking that can be done before the interview should be done before the interview. Get someone Ask your friend, senior or TPO to interview you and give you objective feedback. Step 4: Practice for written tests Talking of hurdles, this is one big one! If you dont get through the written tests aptitude or technical), you dont get to see those smart company executives who will eventually hand over your Job offer letter. Step 5: Review curriculum Information is power, and having prior information about who is coming to recruit on campus, will help you determine what you need to study beforehand. For instance, for an IT Job, data structures, sort algorithms and basics of C/C++ would generally suffice. Similarly, a VLSI design Job might require basic knowledge of digital circuits, Boolean algebra, electronic systems design and finite state machines etc. If you are clueless about the kind of questions the interviewers will ask, then be ready with a list of three to four favourite subjects. Some companies try to test how good you are in your strength areas and select you on the basis of that knowledge even if that is not relevant to the Job profile on offer. Step 6: Ace group discussions One, surf the Internet for some good tips on GDS for the ground rules. Then form a GD practice group along with some serious fellow students. GDS can be tricky affairs because you need to walk a fine line between being too aggressive and too meek. You cant hog all the limelight, yet you cant hide in the background. You cant be too loud or too soft. Practice well to get the balance right. Two, you must share your own views, or else you will not be able to speak with conviction. But to develop a viewpoint, you need facts and awareness. Read newspapers, magazines and watch news basically, know the world around you. Awareness will give you sufficient fodder for a discussion. Step 7: Research companies and industries Surf the Internet for information regarding the company history, locations, main roducts/services, and tor any major news story in the past two to three months. A read about the industry-major players, industry history, major challenges, trends and future direction. Knowing the company and industry, adds credibility when you say you want to work there. Being well-informed reflects interest, a potential to become productive early, and also ones ability to make a sincere effort. Step 8: Get a set of formals You may already possess a white shirt and a pair of black trousers. But geta new set! The best policy is to be conservative. Go for plain white well-fitted full sleeve shirts, black trousers without pleats (and other fancy stufO and plain black leather shoes. You could give the tie a miss. If not, then make sure you are comfortable wearing a tie in the hot summer sun and getting drenched in sweat is hardly impressive. Just to reinforce, err on the conservative side. For instance, avoid metal embellishments on shoes and breast pocket buttons on shirts. Women have several options when it comes to formals. A light-coloured formal shirt and black trousers or a simple, light-coloured saree or salwar suit, will do. Avoid something too flowery or ornate, and team it up with a pair of formal shoes (but avoid pencil heels! ). Step 9: File all certificates Get together all your educational/ non-education certificates including Class 10 and Class 12 mark sheets, technical certifications, the one that you received for singing on Gandhi Jayanti in Class 5 and NCC/ NSS certificates every documentary proof of achievement so far. Arrange them neatly in a file folder, have them at hand during your interview. Step 10: Enjoy the ride! This is more important than it seems. After all, how can you give a winning performance if you do not enjoy it? People invariably do much better in the interviews they enjoy while messing up the ones they are too psyched up about. Just before the interview, think of your past successes and achievements. Get into a positive, confident mood. Nows not the time to remember the weaknesses in your preparation and go, Oops, I did not revise bubble sort! Just go out there and have fun. Campus placements can be ones ticket to a great future. Plan well, prepare hard and be positive.

Substance Abuse Media Representation of Drug Abusers

The war on drugs is not over yet and it is unlikely to be finished in the recent future. Americans are bombarded by messages about negative effects of substance abuse. Media provide a variety of stories about violent crimes associated with drug abuse.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Substance Abuse: Media Representation of Drug Abusers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Officials keep talking about the necessity to launch programs aimed at promulgating healthy life styles. Admittedly, these strategies will help develop appropriate public opinion on the matter. Nevertheless, it is important to take into account various trends existing in the society. Thus, it is important to understand that the attitude towards substance abuse is not static as it is constantly changing. It is also crucial to make sure there is no bias in media representation of substance abusers as this negatively affects development of the American society. Finally, it is important to understand to what extent the image created by media does influence people and shapes their attitude towards substance abuse. Therefore, it is possible to state that appropriate media representation of substance abuse may help develop American society where drugs are seen as something harmful, unnecessary and needless. To develop appropriate strategies aimed at promulgating healthy life styles, it is necessary to make sure that they will be based on extensive data on substance abusers. According to Kugler and Darley (2012) the very image of drug abusers has changed throughout decades. In the twentieth century, â€Å"the media supported a punitive approach to drug policy† (Kugler Darley, 2012, p. 217). Drug abusers were depicted as people who were often engaged in violent crime activities.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn M ore Reportedly, Americans had concerns that their close ones might become victims of a variety of crimes associated with drugs (Kugler Darley, 2012). Nonetheless, the perception is changing as people start adopting less punitive approach in the twenty-first century. According to Kugler and Darley (2012, p. 217) â€Å"only 30 percent of the public now believes that the government should emphasize arresting drug users† and there is growing support of legalization of such substance as marijuana. In many states across the country, more and more people are changing their viewpoint on the matter. Marijuana is not seen as a harmful drug anymore as it is regarded as another medication. These trends signify the shift in public opinion. Now drugs are not regarded as primary concern in the American society. As has been mentioned above, media representation of drug abusers is subjected to a variety of prejudice. According to Cobbina (2008), racial and ethnic minority groups are often depicted as substance abusers. These groups of people are often associated with drug-related crimes. Cobbina (2008) implemented research based on analysis of more than 100 newspaper articles. The author found that African Americans had often been depicted as substance abusers and criminals who threatened order in the American society. Fig..1. Drug Use in 2002-2011 by Race. This figure illustrates the rates of drug abusers among different race groups (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Substance Abuse: Media Representation of Drug Abusers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At this point, it is necessary to point out that race is not the defining factor when it comes to substance abuse. According to US Department of Health and Human Services (2012) Asians turned out to be the ethnic group with lower rates of substance abusers compared to other ethnic groups ( see Figure 1). In 2011, the rate of substance abusers were as follows, African Americans (10%), whites (8.7%), Hispanics (8.4%) (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). Clearly, race is not the defining factor affecting people’s choice. At the same time, education and socioeconomic factors play primary roles (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). Minorities often face a lot of discrimination and they often have fewer opportunities. This may lead to lack of self-esteem which, in its turn, may lead to drug abuse. Nonetheless, the data show that ethnic groups have quite similar rates of drug abusers. Irrespective, of these data media continue developing an image of a substance abuser as a person of color who is often engaged in unlawful activities. Beckett et al. (2005) provided illustration of the image that persisted in the society in the end of the twentieth century and in the beginning of the twenty-first century. According to Beckett et al. (2005), t he image of a non-white drug abuser is still strong and still affects the way police treat criminals and suspects. Now many people tend to believe that black or Hispanic drug abusers must be punished severely as they may be engaged in a variety of violent crimes whereas white drug abusers should be let off with warnings and fines and some public works. The reasons why people of different racial groups become substance abusers are also seen differently. White substance abusers are often seen as victims of unemployment, lack of opportunities, bad environment, etc. When it comes to people of color, many consider substance abusers to be criminals, not victims.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is necessary to note that this image also persists in media which can have a variety of effects on the contemporary American society. According to Shaw, Whitehead and Giles (2010) media representation shapes public opinion and especially young people’s attitudes towards substance abuse to a considerable extent. The research implemented by Shaw, Whitehead and Giles (2010) illustrates this assumption. Thus, Amy Whitehouse is seen as a talented young female who became a victim of substance abuse. At that, she is seen as a victim of drug dealers. Though, the singer somewhat romanticized substance use in her works, people do not think that she stimulated young admirers to start taking drugs. On the contrary, her sudden death can be regarded as a precaution to all who might consider taking drugs. Amy Whitehouse is an illustration of an image of a white young female who is rather a victim of unfavorable environment. Shaw, Whitehead and Giles (2010) analyzed a number of newspapers articles and it turned out that those sources created the image of a victim. It is possible to elicit another image. Cobbina (2008) provided an illustration of another image. When it came to white arrestees, they were regarded as those who bought the substance for personal use. Again, white abusers were represented as victims who tried to escape from reality as they did not find another way to address their problems associated with financial constraints. At the same time, people of color were depicted as criminals who sold and bought drugs and were drug abusers. It is possible to note that media have created an image of a black arrestee who is a criminal and a threat to the American society. Clearly, these two images have been created on the basis of a variety of biases. People tend to think that people of color often live in poor neighborhoods with few opportunities and this, as people think, inevitably leads to drug abuse. More so, many think that people of color choose criminal path and become a threat to the entire society. At the same time, white abusers are regarded as victims of criminal groups. It is also necessary to note that media representation of substance abusers affects public opinion. Notably, many people keep talking about romanticizing of drugs use as many films and songs create images of a drug abuser who is creative, strong and free. However, latest surveys show that this representation is not enough to make young people start taking drugs (Shaw, Whitehead and Giles, 2010). Though, socioeconomic factors play essential role. Obviously, better life conditions and ‘healthy’ environment will encourage people to live without drugs. Media should also show the other side of drugs without emphasizing such points as ethnicity or race. To sum up, it is clear that media representation of drug abusers is subjected to changes. It reflects trends existing in the society. However, it also influences the way people see substance abusers. Ther efore, it is possible to launch various programs and initiatives to make people understand that drugs are harmful and unnecessary. Media can provide numerous stories creating adequate image of a drug abuser. Of course, this representation should be free from any bias. People cannot continue thinking that white substance abusers are only victims that should be understood and forgiven while people of color should be severely punished if associated with substance abuse. This wrongful representation leads to the situation when some people enjoy impunity whereas others are pursued for slightest mischief. Reference List Beckett, K., Nyrop, K., Pfingst, L. Bowen, M. (2005). Drug use, drug possession arrests, and the question of race: Lessons from Seattle. Social Problems, 52(3), 419-441. Cobbina, J.E (2008). Race and class differences in print media portrayals of crack cocaine and methamphetamine. Journal of Criminal and Popular Culture, 15(2), 145-167. Kugler, M.B. Darley, J.M. (2012). Punitiveness towards users of illicit drugs: A disparity between actual and perceived attitudes. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 24(3), 217-221. Shaw, R.L., Whitehead, C. Giles, D.C. (2010). â€Å"Crack down on the celebrity junkies†: Does media coverage of celebrity drug use pose a risk to young people? Health, Risk Society, 12(6), 575-589. US Department of Health and Human Services. (2012). Results from the 2011 national survey on drug use and health: Summary of national findings. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/ This research paper on Substance Abuse: Media Representation of Drug Abusers was written and submitted by user Leilani Pennington to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Government for the People essays

A Government for the People essays In 1787, the fathers of our country met at the Philadelphia Convention to ratify the document that would soon be known as The Constitution of the United States of America. This Constitution was to be the supreme law of the land. Our Constitution was set up in order to form a more perfect union, and to give the people under its provision certain unalienable rights. Among the rights granted to the people are: the right to free speech, the right to keep and bear arms, and the right of the people to be protected from unreasonable searches and seizures. Today I will demonstrate for you how the Constitution has become only a small stumbling block in the Federal Governments efforts to increase its power through the use of legal precedents. A prime example of how the government pirouettes around the Constitution is seen in the case of Chimel versus The Supreme Court of California. On March 27, 1969 several police officers showed up on the petitioners (Chimel) doorstep to arrest him on charges of burglary. Upon answering the doorbell the petitioner was served with an arrest warrant. Shortly after the arrest, while still at the petitioners house, the officers asked if they could have a look around. The petitoner knew his rights, and that the officers had no search warrant, so he respectfully denied their request. This was of no consequence to the officers. They went ahead and unlawfully searched his three-bedroom house top to bottom, leaving no piece of personal A few months later the petitioners case was plead in a California District Court. At the petitioners trial the illegally seized items were used against him. He was convicted. Unhappy with the district courts ruling, he appealed to The California Supreme Court. Upon consideration, the Supreme Court affirm ...

Using the French Expression Ça Va in Conversation

Using the French Expression Ça Va in Conversation The expression  Ãƒ §a  va  (pronounced sah vah)  is one of the most common phrases in French. Improve your skills by learning the correct way to use the phrase à §a  va  in a sentence or dialogue. Meaning of Ça Va Literally translated, à §a  va means it goes. Used in casual conversation,  it can be both a question and a reply, but its an informal expression. You probably wouldnt want to ask your boss or a stranger this question unless the setting was casual. But if youre speaking with people whom you know, such as family and friends,  Ãƒ §a  va is perfectly acceptable. Asking a Question One of the most common uses of à §a  va  is as a greeting or to ask how someone is doing. For example: Salut, Guy, à §a va? /  Hi, Guy, hows it going?Comment à §a va? /  Hows it going? The expression can also be used with a subject or object. Note that the phrase doesnt vary. No change is necessary for a plural subject: Ça va les filles? /  Hows it going, girls?Ça va le nouvel ordi? /  Hows the new computer working? You can also use the phrase to ask whether something just discussed is acceptable: On va partir vers midi, à §a va? / Well leave around noon, is that OK? Does that work for you? Using Ça Va in Conversation You can answer any of the previous examples as well as any similar questions with à §a va  in conversations. The dialogue below provides an example of how to use the phrase when talking informally with a friend or acquaintance. The sentences are listed in French on the left followed by the English translation. Ça va, Marc?  /  Hows it going, Marc?Oui, à §a  va. / Fine.Tu vas bien, Andrà ©? /  Are you OK, Andrà ©?Ça va. /  Yes, Im OK.Il faut à ªtre prà ªt dans une heure, à §a va  ? / You have to be ready in an hour, OK?Ça va. / OK. The expression à §a  va can also be an exclamation: Oh! Ça va! /  Hey, thats enough! Other Uses Ça va plus an infinitive can mean simply it will. This construction can be useful when youre speaking about something that will occur, but you dont know precisely when. For instance: Ça va venir / Itll happen, it will come. Ça va plus an indirect object pronoun means, That looks good on ___, or It suits ___. For instance, a pair of friends shopping for clothes might have this exchange: Ça te va (bien)  / That suits you.Ça lui va bien / That looks good on him/her. Variations of Ça Va The table below provides a few other ways to use  Ãƒ §a  va.  The first column gives the sentence with  Ãƒ §a  va  in French, while the second column provides the English translation. French English Translation Ça va aller? Will it be OK? Will that work? Ça va aller It will be OK. Ça va bien? Is it going well? Are you doing well? Ça va bien It's going well. I'm doing well. Ça va mal It's going badly. I'm not doing so well. Ça (ne) va pas It's not going well. It's not OK. Practice using  Ãƒ §a  va  with another student working to learn the language and youll soon be using this important French phrase like a native speaker.

Dixons Retail Group e-commerce Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Dixons Retail Group e-commerce - Assignment Example III. Market Profitability This is largely determined by the five forces identified by Porter (2008) as: power of buyers, power of suppliers, threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes and competitor rivalry. These are looked at in detail in the micro-environment section below. However, market profitability is low here because of intense competitor rivalry, strong buyers, high threat of substitutes and moderate threat of entry. IV. Industry Cost Structure According to Goldmanis et al. (2009) the introduction of e-commerce into an industry results in the shrinking and sometimes exit of high-cost firms and a shift in market share to low-cost firms, and with some additional assumptions about the firm type and consumer search cost distributions, a drop in the number of producers as well. Of the ten cost drivers related to value chain activities identified by (Porter, 1998) Primark derives its cost advantage largely from four: its vertical integration, economies of scale from the Gr oup, capacity utilisation and learning. V. Distribution Channel Dixons.co.uk leverages the centralised supply chain and distribution network of the Group’s physical stores. At Newark the company operates one of Europe’s largest distribution centres. Another Regional Distribution Centre (RDC) is located at Bristol to supply goods to all South/South west UK branches of Dixons Retail Group (Dixons Retail, 2011). Using the Group’s warehouse makes dixons.co.uk cost to serve relatively low (Chiles & Dau, 2005). VI. Market Trends Online retail industry is still largely in a state of flux due a range of factors. Firstly, the technology platform on which online retailing is based is still undergoing rapid change such as 3D virtual... According to the research findings as an e-commerce website, dixons.co.uk inherently faces three types of risks: security of customer data, consistency in order-fulfilment and accuracy in inventory management. Security risk arises because the company will have to store various forms of customer data such as contacts, purchasing habits and credit card records. The company will therefore have to invest in staff security awareness training and security technologies. With regards to order fulfilment, dixons.co.uk must ensure that it has the right processes in place that guarantees the customer receives what she ordered for in the right state, at the right location and at the right time. An effective and efficient order fulfilment process will save the company time and resources spent in handling returns and complaints. Finally, inventory management is important because it supports distribution and order fulfilment. However, the risk to be highlighted here is the synchronisation between t he items advertised on the website and the actual items available in the company’s warehouses. Consumer confidence can easily be lost in instances where customers order for a product that is no longer available at the company’s warehouse yet it is displayed on the website.A critical look at the above risks informs us that security of customer data, consistency in order-fulfilment and accuracy in inventory management are market qualifying factors in e-commerce. Hill’s methodology on marketing strategy define qualifying factors as those factors that a business must fulfil in order to be considered for business by customers.

Health informatics Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Health informatics - Research Proposal Example The challenge is not only increased by the chances of errors in prescriptions resulting out of lack of clarity of the handwritten prescriptions, but also from the pharmacists losing the handwritten prescriptions in the shuffle process of issuing drugs (Beuscart-ZÃ ©phir, 2005). Thus, due to the lack of electronic systems that are able to track the movement of the prescription orders from the patient wards to the hospital pharmacy, the efficiency and accuracy of dispensing prescription drugs is adversely affected (Weant, Cook, & Armitstead, 2007). Computerized pharmacy order entry systems have been suggested as potential solutions to the challenges of inpatient drug prescribing errors (Roberts, et al., 2013). Computerized order entry by the prescribing physicians enables the patient’s drug prescriptions to be transmitted electronically from the physician departments to the pharmacy department of hospitals. The essence of the use of the computerized pharmacy order entry systems is to eliminate the handwritten order prescriptions being transmitted from the physicians to the pharmacists. The suggestion for the implementation of computerized pharmacy order management system is pegged on the premise that the automated system is advantageous both in cost-savings and also in drug prescription safety enhancement (Lai, Yokoyama, Louie & Lightwood, 2007). There is no doubt that the major impact of a computerized pharmacy order entry system is to improve the legibility of the prescription orders. This is in turn observed to be fu ndamental for eliminating the medication errors that arises out of wrong drugs issuance by pharmacists, following the ineligibility of the prescription orders. Lack of legibility of the handwritten pharmacy orders can result in the pharmacists dispensing the wrong and even potentially dangerous drugs to the patients (Troiano, 1999). The benefits associated with the automation of the pharmacy ordering process within

Technology in the 20th Century Paper Essay Example for Free

Technology in the 20th Century Paper Essay There are many notable advances made in technology that took place during the twentieth century. The world gradually moved from the industrial age into the technology age during this era. Once technology took hold nothing could hold back the flood of its advancement and the innovation that grew from it. Of all of the important advancements three standouts that are intimately connected are the inventions of the radio, computers, and the internet. The radio could be said as the beginning of the information age and the sharing of information worldwide. The Radio The radio actually made it possible for the first time in humanity’s history for an audience to hear a person from many miles away. Before the television the radio was a way of gathering of people and families to share news and the storytelling that would have once perhaps been told around a communal fire. According to Kinsey, between the years of 1909 and 1927 Britain, America, Australia, South Africa, and the Netherlands were all broadcasting wirelessly through the radio (Kinsey, 2005). During this time radio broadcasts were all commercial, but that soon gave way to other kinds of broadcasts including music. Computers Another huge advancement created in the twentieth century is the computer. The computers that are enjoyed today hardly resemble the huge calculating machines that were created around the time of the second world war. In 1944 the very first electronic- mechanical computer called MARK 1 was created at Harvard. This machine was a massive calculator that was fifty one feet wide and eight feet tall (Chee, 1997). The beginning of the smaller computers that we know today started in 1959 when Honeywell developed the first computers that used transistors. These were followed by IBM who used integrated circuits. The very first personal computers were built in the 1970’s with the computers that are recognizable today starting in 1974 with the first Apple PC being created in 1977. Computer technology continues to grow and expand creating increasingly smaller and faster machines to keep up  with today’s fast paced life. The small seven or eight inch portable ipad has little resemb lance to its humongous forefather the MARK 1. The Internet The internet’s history is tied to the government and the Cold War in the 1960’s. The over 300,000 networks that cover much of the world actually saw its beginning as a system that was created to use satellites and radio transmissions to communicate for the military. The problem with the system was that there were not any networks to share the information. A system that solved this problem was created in 1982 and by 1993 the World Wide Web was popularized by nuclear physists that needed to communicate with each other (Chee, 1997). By the end of the 1980’s a number of mostly professional people were utilizing the Internet and email, but by the 1990’s the internet would see massive growth. By the end of 1999 the number of people using the internet was estimated to be 248 million (Cohen, 2011). The world has been made a smaller place because of the internet. People all around the earth can see events that are happening real time in places they may never physic ally get to visit. The many challenges that persist for humanity are made visible on a daily basis which in turn can be a way for people to see one another as extensions of themselves instead of enemies to be conquered. In conclusion, the social changes that arose from two world wars fertilized a society that was eager to learn and explore our world. While the society of the twentieth century struggled to gain realistic views of humanity, technological advancements like the radio, computers, and the Internet helped to create a much smaller world. The technology that is taken for granted in today’s society had very humble beginnings in the twentieth century. That technology has helped to close the gap and erase some of the imaginary lines that have historically separated the world’s population. These innovations have helped to heal the collective scars of decades of war, proving to humanity that we are alike in more ways than we could ever imagine. References: Chee, H. W. (1997, Mar 27). Brief look at the history of computers. New Straits Times. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/269127308?accountid=458 Cohen-Almagor, R. (2011). Internet History. International Journal of Technoethics (IJT), 2(2), 45-64. doi:10.4018/jte.2011040104Article Kinsey, M.(2005). Radio. In Key concepts in journalism studies. Retrieved from http://search.credoreference.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/content/entry/sageukjour/radio/0

Cloning: Has Science Created A Frankenstein? Essay -- Argumentative Pe

Cloning: Has Science Created A Frankenstein? In Shelley's " Frankenstein" the scientist Victor Frankenstein is out to create life by putting human parts along with electricity. His quest is to be able to create life in a way which has never been done or thought of before. Victor Frankenstein may have been motivated by the death of his family, hoping to find a reverse to death in an attempt to cheat death. He may have also been motivated by the power of creating life. Regardless of his motivation his desire to create life became so overwhelming that he eventually had no interest in anything but his work. This desire for scientific advancement which Shelley writes about must be similar to what motivates scientists even today. In the last century scientist have been attempting to find ways to create life by artificial means. Scientists have made in-vitro fertilization possible, allowing thousands of infertile couples to have biological children. When in-vitro fertilization was introduced it was seen as completely unnatural and going against all religions. I am sure there are still people who view in-virto fertilization as wrong, but the vast majority of the world can see it for its benefits at this point. Although it must be said that it did take a while for people on a whole to accept this method of conceiving a child. Today, we as a society world wide have a new issue to deal with. Science has discovered the means in which to clone animals, opening a whole new discussion. Many people are inclined to say why would science even wish to peruse this method of research. Lewis Thomas says in his essay "The Hazards of Science" It would seem to me a more unnatural thing and more of an offense against nat... ... effect all humanity, and therefore, need to not think on an individual level. J. Michael Bishop states that "The price of science seems large but to reject science is to deny future."(261). We can not undo what has been discovered and we must ensure that all countries involved with cloning form a committee to monitor the uses of this technology to ensure that it is used in the best interest of mankind. Works Cited Bishop, Michael J. "Enemies of Promise" The Presence of Others. C Comp. Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruskiewicz. New York: St. Martins, 1997 255-263. Shelley, Mary "Frankenstein". The Presence of Others. Comp Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruskiewicz. New York: St. Martins, 1997 230-235. Thomas, Lewis "The Hazards of Science" The Presence of Others. Comp. Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruskiewicz. New York: St. Martins, 1997 236-242.

Is the Game Theory, the Right Game Essay

Yes, indeed the game theory is the right game. Business is not about winning and losing nor is it about how well you play the game. The essence of business success lies in making sure you’re playing the right game. The challenge for us is to make sure we’re playing the right game. There are times in our life that we think we are in the right game but suddenly we realize that it is not the game we should play. For example, the course that you choose in college, you enrolled in accounting because your parents said so or because you don’t have any choice yet but you don’t possess the passion, attitude and skills an accountant must have. That is an evidence that you are in the wrong course, the remedy is to change your course into the course you love and possess the skills and passion for. To every action, there is a reaction. You have to look forward into the game and then reason backward to figure out which of today’s actions will lead you to where you want to end up. In order to succeed we need to go beyond the threats and opportunities that might occur and what we what to become in the future but we need also to be realistic and not too imaginary. Thus, after looking forward we make the action that will lead us to where we what to be. The decisions and actions you make today will affect our future career. So make the right actions and decisions. You cannot take away from the game more than you bring to it. You cannot take away more than your added value. Don’t remove something that contribute to your strengths, keep and maintain them. The main focus is allocentrism. It is the importance of focusing on others. You have to put yourself in the shoes and even in the heads of other players. You have to ask not what other players can bring to you but what you can bring to other players. It’s changing our mind-set into other players mind-set because if you know what and how they think it’s easy for you to discern what they need and what to the betterment of the company. Successful business strategy is about actively shaping the game you play, not just playing the game you find. It’s true that we should actively shape the game we play. It means that finding a continuous improvement and not just be stagnant in where you are now. We should find a way to increase and improve to the next level as years pass by. Understanding other players can help find new strategies for changing the game or new applications of existing strategies. In changing the game we should understand the players, added value, rules, tactics and scope. There is nothing permanent in this world we should actively change into better. The world is constantly changing and we need to adapt to it for us not to be left behind. In conclusion I agree that we should be a game maker than a game taker. We should have a coopetition mind-set and to be an allocentric. I believe that in business and even in our own lives there is no end to the game of changing the game. It is always an on going process that we should adapt and be flexible to it. We should be alert and wise to make decisions and actions because our decisions and actions today will change and have an effect to our future career.

Human freedom and the ten commandments Essay

When Jesus was asked, â€Å"What must I do to inherit eternal life? â€Å", he replied: â€Å"You know the Commandments, keep these and you will live. † It has been said, that the Ten Commandments are not simple rules mandated by God, but rather, this set of rules is considered as a gift given to men in order for them to live the life that God has promised. Although the word â€Å"commandment†, by itself, imports something mandatory and obligatory, it must be understood that God has granted each one of his people freedom and independence to choose how he or she will act, and hence, human freedom is an important topic to be discussed alongside the Ten Commandments. It will be seen, that the kind of life that men live is simply a reflection of how he uses the freedom that he has been gifted with. A person can either live a life full of one spent as a good follower of God. Although some would say that it is a question of fate, destiny, or maybe even luck, the truth is that, a person lives a life based on his own choices and decisions. As have been stated, men have been gifted with freedom, and it is up to him how he will utilize this gift. Every person has different forms of needs and wants that have to be dealt with in everyday life. This is where freedom sets in. In allowing absence of restriction, God permits every individual the opportunity to shape his life. It has been stated that this is one risk that God chose to take. â€Å"God risked much in creating us humans with the freedom, now, to unleash horrendous nuclear disaster or to love our fellows across all boundaries. † (Grider, 1994). It is the freedom that each one has been blessed with that enables him to understand and appreciate the life that he has and all the beauty that comes with it. On the other hand, if this freedom is abused, then the consequences that go with it, would also have to be dealt with by the individual concerned. Being free entails a lot of responsibility. It is believed that God granted every individual the gift of freedom, not for the sole reason that he be boundless or limitless. Man is given freedom for him to be responsible for all the things that he says, does or even thinks of. True enough, some philosophers believe that the things that happen to each individual can be traced to the actions and decisions that he chooses to take. Most of the times, it is not up to the heavens if a good or bad thing happens to one person. More of than not, everything that happens to a person can be traced to the course of action that he chose to take. The scriptures that God instructed to be drafted, in essence, are mere forms of guidance for men; but in the end, it is human freedom which will eventually dictate whether or not an individual will live his life by these guidelines. The concept of human freedom is more often discussed by mentioning the story of what happened to Adam and Eve in the garden of Eden. As has been aptly stated, â€Å"these questions as to the nature of human freedom arise especially when we turn our attention to the question of the origin of sin. Only consider how many times the origin of sin has been ascribed to this human freedom of choice, implying this twofold power of man’s nature and of his creaturely existence: to sin or not to sin; a good part and an evil part of his nature. † (Berkouwer, 1962). True enough, God could have stopped the serpent from interacting with Adam and Eve, but due to the freedom that he bestowed the two, they had the choice as to whether or not to take the apple that the serpent offered them. Ultimately then, it is this choice that they made which is the root cause of why they were banished from the garden of Eden. It would appear then that despite the Ten Commandments being set down by God to be sent to his people, the same is not precisely a set of obligatory rules imposed upon men. Rather, the Ten Commandments are considered as a guide as to how each person should live if he wants to experience the kind of life that God promised. This is a kind of life full of happiness, peace, beauty and love. A person’s freedom can lead to this if a person, in choosing paths to take, keeps in mind what the Ten Commandments speak of. Ultimately, it would depend upon the person if he will live the kind of life promised by God ever since the olden times, or if he will use his freedom to lead him to a kind of unspeakable and despicable kind of living. REFERENCE â€Å"The Ten Commandments†, J. Kenneth Grider , â€Å"Human Freedom†, 1994, G. C. Berkouwer, â€Å"Human Freedom†, 1962,

Youth Unemployment in the UK

Youth Unemployment in the UK Unemployment is a macro-economic situation whereby people are ready to work at the current wage rate but because of the prevailing factors of production are not in a position to get placement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Youth Unemployment in the UK specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More International Labour Organization defines unemployed people as those who are aged over 16 years and are willing to work and have actively sought employment during the previous four weeks and do not have any paid job. There are various types of unemployment namely: Cyclical unemployment, Frictional unemployment, Structural unemployment, Seasonal unemployment, Voluntary unemployment and under employment (Seymour 2005). Cyclical Unemployment is a type of unemployment, which occurs because of decline in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) especially during periods of contraction/recession or any period when the economy fails to operate at its pot ential. It is controllable thus receives a lot of attention from macro-economic policy analysts. Additionally, it is characterised by temporary suspension without pay due to reduced demand of goods or services they produce and has to last for a period of seven consecutive days (Seymour 2005). Frictional Unemployment is unemployment resulting from people leaving jobs that they do not like and are searching for new employment or people whom either entering or re-entering the labour force to search for a job. Time lapses between separation and discovery of new job. Structural Unemployment represents unemployment caused by permanent shifts in the pattern of demand for goods or services or changes in technology. This requires the employees to undergo training or move to other locations to find new jobs (Seymour 2005). Seasonal Unemployment is a type of unemployment, which is caused by seasonal conditions affecting specific factors. For example, the agricultural sector is dependent on rai nwater. Hence, during periods of good rains there will be high economic activities creating jobs while during periods of dry season there will massive unemployment due to less economic activities. Voluntary Unemployment is unemployment by choice experienced in most of the developed countries. This happens because of the unemployment benefits given by the UK government thus encouraging most youths to look for highly paying jobs. Therefore, in the short-run most of them remain unemployed. Such decisions by most youth have led to increased level of youth unemployment in UK (UK National Statistics).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Underemployment; under normal circumstances people are supposed to work for 6-8 hours a day. Therefore, if an individual works for less than six hours then they are underemployed. This is because the talent or effort is not fully utilized. It can also occur when an individual is working in a sector where their skills are underutilized (Seymour 2005). Most of the youth in UK are either working fewer hours such as part time while others work in sectors where their skills are underutilized (BBC News). Unemployment rate measures the unemployment level. It is the proportion of economically energetic people who do not have jobs (i.e. number of people who are unemployed divided by number of those who are in paid jobs or employed, excluding those who are economically inactive from both numerator and denominators) (UK National Statistics). Statistics of Youth Unemployment in UK Economists and the government have carried out several researches over the years about the youth unemployment rate in the UK. According to Labour Force Survey (LFS), youth unemployment rate in the year 2004 rose from 12% to 15% in the year 2008 (BBC News). The number of unemployed youth between the age of sixteen and twenty five years has risen in the cur rent recession by over 4% since 2008 and then by over 5% in the year 2010. This means that the unemployment rate for people aged 16-24 years is now triple the rate for older people. The rate of unemployment for individuals over 25 years have also followed similar trajectory since 2004. Therefore, the unemployment rate for people over 25 years in 2010 was still lower than that in the early 1990 (BBC News). The Office for National Statistics (ONS) says that the unemployed youth aged 16-24 has risen more than one million, which is the highest for 15 years. The total number of people unemployed is 2.62 million, which is the highest since 1994 according to ONS. The youth have borne the effect of economic slowdown. Thus, out of the 2.62 million, 1.02 million are youth aged between 16 and 24 according to survey carried between July and September last year (HRM Guide 2012). This has led to people claiming job seekers allowance to rise by 5300 to 1.6 million last month according to ONS. The ONS says that this is the highest rate since they adopted the comparable method in 1992 despite the slight change in basis of calculation (HRM Guide 2012). The Institute for Public Policy Research statistics have shown that the unemployment rate of youth aged 18 is 18.5% for boys and 15.3% for girls (HRM Guide 2012). This is the highest rate they have ever witnessed in the UK. It is attributable to the current euro crisis. According to Lord Stevens, the official statistics of the unemployment rate of the youth hit the one million mark for the first time thus more than a fifth of people aged 16 to 24 years do not have jobs (HRM Guide 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Youth Unemployment in the UK specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Causes of Youth Unemployment in the UK Financial Crisis of 2007-2010 The financial crisis that began in the United States caused by the bubble burst in the real estate industry affected s everal banks .It spread across Europe since most of the banks affected were multinationals with operations across Europe. This led to economic slowdown in the economy of UK. Thus, most of the firms scaled down there production capacity. Consequentially, employers are forced to lay off some workers or were not hiring any more employees (Ruhm 2000). The effect of such circumstances has led to the rise of rate of unemployment among the youth since they are continuously completing colleges and are unable to secure employment (HRM Guide 2012). The Cuts in the Public Sector The government has been reducing its spending over the years. The reduction in public sector spending leads to decreased demand of certain goods and services since the government is the biggest consumer in an economy. Therefore, due to the decrease in demand, the production sector has to reduce its production. Thus, some people become redundant leading to sacking. Some of the firms also stop hiring new staff or reduce the number of people employed compared to when the factors of production were being fully utilized. Therefore, the cuts in public spending have led to increased unemployment rate of the youth over the recent years (HRM Guide 2012). Immigration from European Union Since the integration of the UK in the European Union, people are free to move from one member state to another. This encouraged many people to migrate from other member states to UK in such for employment or business purposes. This has led to reduction of summer jobs that were available to university students from UK since most of the jobs go to the immigrants from other member states. Hence, such factors have led to the rise of the number of youth who are unable to secure paid jobs (UK National Statistics). Lack of Required Qualifications Researchers have link the lack of jobs by youths to their poor performance there studies such as in GCSE English and Maths. Most of the students have also not been able to proceed with t heir studies to acquire the necessary professional qualifications required in the job market thus unable to secure employment. This is attributable to laziness from the part of the students to work hard in their academics. The support groups in conjunction with the relevant government sectors have been working hard to ensure the students work towards achieving the relevant qualifications required in the job market.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Influx of Goods from Euro Zone After the UK joined, the European Union this allowed non-restrictive trade between member states. Such an agreement has led to the rise of goods exported to UK therefore increasing competition. This has resulted in the decrease in the demand for UK goods thus the decrease in the productivity of UK firms. They have resulted in lying down of workers and reduction in number of people employed. Therefore, this is one of the major contributions in the rise of level of youth unemployment in the UK. Higher Taxation The taxation rate in UK is high such that the cost of production is high. This leads to decreased demand of products thus firms end up retrenching some of the redundant workers. Effects of Youth Unemployment in UK Increase in Crime The youth would need money for consumption for clothing, food or shelter and since they do not have paid job they feel frustrated and start blaming the society for their misfortunes, hence they end up resulting to crimin al activities to get money. Lord Stevens acknowledged this when he said that unemployed youth would fuel disorder in the streets since dissatisfied youth lack hope for the future. He said disorder like the one experienced last year is evidence of the disquiet of youth due to lack of employment (Poverty Site 2012). Increased Chances of Workers Experiencing Unemployment in Adulthood The continued rise in the rate of youth unemployment increases the probability of a worker experiencing unemployment in his adulthood. The result of this the rise of number of people unemployed thus leading to increase of people claiming job seekers allowance which an increase in government expenditure in terms of transfers which is not healthy for the economy (Poverty Site 2012). Loss of Productivity The youth are the most active people in the society therefore when they are not employed statistics show that this equates to 10 million pounds a day of lost productivity. This translates to a direct cost of unemployed youth of close to 5 Billion pounds annually. Such statistics are worrying since this is a lot of potential wasted. The high levels of unemployment lead to too many people being idle thus high loss of productivity in the overall economy (Poverty Site 2012). Increase in Dependency Levels The rise of levels of youth unemployment has led to high levels in dependant population since they need basic human needs but do not have any source of income. Therefore, the rise in unemployment has increased the number of people depending on the government allowances for job seekers thus increasing the government expenditure. Responses Replacement of Future Jobs Fund with Apprenticeship Scheme The labour Party government initiated the Future Jobs Fund policy. It aimed at creating jobs in the future for the youth. The Conservative –Liberal Democrat coalition government viewed this not to very effective method to address the menace of youth unemployment. It replaced it with the curre nt policy of apprenticeship scheme whereby the youths attached to organizations where they will be working under skilled workers thus they end up acquiring necessary skills. This policy will be more effective in solving the youth unemployment problem than the future jobs fund. Overhaul of Schools Career Guidance The Recruitment and Employment Confederation have proposed an overhaul of the school’s career guidance to encourage students to work hard to acquire the necessary skills for job employment. This encourages students to achieve the necessary professional qualifications necessary for employment. Such policy will lead to students being prepared to join the apprenticeship scheme thus improving the level of youth employment. Scrapping of National Minimum wage Dominic Raab called for the scrapping of National Minimum Wage for the 16-21 year olds people thus increasing the level of youth employment. The minimum national wage is a hurdle to organizations since they incur certa in expenditure thus they end up being limited on the number of employees employed. Therefore, the scrapping of the minimum wage will lead to firms employing more people thus reducing the level of unemployment (Poverty Site 2012). Entrepreneurship Encouraged The government and non-governmental organizations have been implementing programmes that instil entrepreneurship skills in people. Such programmes have led to an increase in the level of people who are self-employed. This has led to rise of people who are self-employed in the UK over the years. It has been a very effective method of addressing the problem of youth unemployment (The Guardian 2012). Reference List BBC News, Economy Tracker. Web. HRM Guide 2012, UK Unemployment: Labour Market Statistics. Web. Poverty Site 2012, Youth Adult Unemployment. Web. Ruhm, C. 2000, Are Recessions Good for Your Health. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(2): 617–650. Seymour E. H. 2005, The New Economics: Keynes Influence on Theory and Public Policy. London: Kessinger Publishing. The Guardian, Unemployment and Employment Statistics. Web. UK National Statistics, Guide to Unemployment. Web.

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Flash Floods In Jeddah Saudi Arabia Environmental Sciences Essay

Flash Floods In Jeddah Saudi Arabia Environmental Sciences Essay Jeddah is one of the most important cities of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Located on the shore of the Red Sea, the city has a population of more than 3.5 million, and after Riyadh, is the second largest urban settlement of the country (CIA Factbook, 2010, p1). Containing the largest port on the Red Sea, it is the principal entry point for Mecca, the holiest city of the Islamic religion (CIA Factbook, 2010, p1). It acts as a conduit for millions of worshipers on their way to Mecca and is otherwise a very busy commercial centre (CIA Factbook, 2010, p1). Jeddah is also known to be among the more cosmopolitan of Saudi Arabian destinations and is home to many people from western countries, because of its sea facing location, commercial importance and international connectedness (CIA Factbook, 2010, p1). The city experienced flash floods in the last week of November in 2009 (Al-Bargi, A., 2009, p 1). The floods resulted in a veritable catastrophe as much of the city was submerged in 3 feet of water and cars were swept away and piled on top of each other (Al-Bargi, A., 2009, p 1). Appendix 1 provides some pictures of the flash floods, which illustrate the extent and enormity of damage caused. The floods, which lasted for barely a couple of days, resulted in the loss of more than a 100 lives and damaged 2 billions of dollars of property (Abumansour, W., 2009, p 1). The next few days saw the residents of the city facing the dangers of a possible epidemic because of (a) overflowing sewage from the nearby Musk Lake, which threatened to enter the city, and (b) obvious difficulties in burying the men, women, children, and animals, who had died during the floods (Abumansour, W., 2009, p 1). Western citizens were bemused by the intensity of the havoc and destruction caused by just three inches of rain in a very short span of time on November 25. A resident of Florida writes as follows: On Wednesday, my part of west-central Florida received three-to-five inches of rain. No one died, even as the result of a traffic accident. Other than a few puddles an inch or two deep, the water was gone within hours of the rains passing. My city has a population of about 52,000 people and nowhere near the financial assets of Jeddah. (Crossroads Arabia, 2010, p1) The days that followed the floods witnessed an unprecedented wave of outrage in Saudi Arabia over the incompetence of the government in preventing the floods, which assumed the overtones of a catastrophe of great magnitude in terms of loss of lives and damage to property (Alice King, 2009, p 1). The episode also resulted in severe and all round condemnation of the inefficiency of town planning in Jeddah (Alice King, 2009, p 1). Numerous accusations of corruption against government officials and members of the bureaucracy led to the suspension of numerous responsible officials and the institution of a public enquiry (Al-Sulami, 2010, p 1). Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah has ordered the cases of all those accused of complicity in the November floods in Jeddah referred to the watchdog for government employees and the national prosecution body The king made it clear that crimes involving financial and administrative corruption would not be included in the list of crimes he may choose to pardon later. (Al-Sulami, 2010, p1) 1.2. Definition of Problem Recent decades have witnessed a spate of natural flood related disasters of different dimensions with varying degrees of consequential damage. Pakistan has very recently, in early August 2010, experienced floods of immense severity, which have resulted in more than 1500 deaths. The impact of the Indian Ocean Tsunami, where more than 100,000 lives were lost, will not be forgotten soon (National Geographic News, 2005, p 1). A number of cyclones damaged American cities in the recent past and caused significant damage to life and property (Borland, 2010, p 1). Environmental and ecological experts attribute the greater occurrence of such natural disasters in recent years to global warming and consequential climatic change (Castonguay, 2007, p 820). With the impact of such climatic change not expected to abate in future, national and international policy makers are working on various stratagems to protect life and property from the consequences of such environmental turbulences (Castonguay, 2007, p 820). 1.3. Purpose Governments across the world are formulating and implementing customised plans and solutions for the protection of their citizens from the wrath of nature. Such plans obviously have to essentially be bespoke in character and designed to protect against specific environmental threats (Carter, 2007, p 330). Cities in hilly areas need to be protected from the consequences of earthquakes and landslides, even as residents of habitations near rivers, dams, reservoirs and seas need to be protected from the onslaught of water (Carter, 2007, p 330). Plans to protect citizens from disasters must also essentially incorporate disaster preparation and disaster management activities before, during and after the occurrence of disasters (Carter, 2007, p 330). The Saudi Government has evidenced high levels of concern about the implementation of flood and disaster management plans in the kingdom and the overcoming of associated difficulties and restrictions (A1SaudiArabia.com, 2010, p 1). This dissertation aims to investigate the various risks that can emerge from floods in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It is also proposed to study the effect of various factors that can challenge or obstruct flood management plans at Jeddah and the various plans and measures that can be implemented to overcome such challenges. 1.4. Aims and Objectives The aims and objectives of this dissertation, framed in accordance with the defined problem and the purpose of this study, are now elaborated as under. To examine the various reasons that led to the enormous havoc and destruction after the occurrence of the flash floods in Jeddah on November 25, 2009. To examine and assess the various risks that can arise for life and property in the KSA because of unsuitable and inadequate flood management practices. To study the different issues concerned with flood management as also the implications of such issues on risk management for concerned public and private agencies and for members of the population. To study and understand the various implications of planning on ecosystems with specific reference to Saudi Arabia. To recommend specific strategies, plans and measures to protect the human population, animal and plant life, and individual and organisational property, in KSA, from such challenges. 1.5. Structure This dissertation has been structured to ensure sequential progress of research findings, right from the introductory section through the literature review, the choice of appropriate research methodology, and the obtaining and analysis of data to appropriate recommendations and conclusions. The bibliography and various appendices used during the study have been placed at the end of the dissertation. 2. Literature Review This review of extant literature involves a detailed study of various aspects of floods, their reasons, their effects, and the various ways in which communities and societies are (a) trying to prevent their occurrence, (b) minimise their impact on the ecosystem, human and animal life, and individual and organisational property, and (c) deal with their aftermath. Information sources have been chosen carefully for their relevance to the Jeddah floods of 2009, and to the broader issue of flood prevention and management in Saudi Arabia. 2.1. Risks from Floods Flooding is widely accepted to be the foremost causal factor for loss of life and damage to property from natural events in numerous regions of the world (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). It is to elaborate further considered to be far more damaging than other types of natural disasters or hazards like earthquakes and fires (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). The Munich Reinsurance Company, in a study conducted in 2000, found that practically 50% of loss of life and one third of economic losses that took place due to natural disasters, occurred because of flooding (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). Damages from floods have been particularly severe in contemporary times (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). The last decade in particular has witnessed a number of flood related disasters across the world, which has resulted in widespread loss of life and damages, amounting to hundreds of billions of dollars, to property (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). Whilst countries like China and Bangladesh experience flooding with associated loss to lives and property very frequently, other countries, like Saudi Arabia, for example, rarely face floods (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). However when floods do occur in such areas, their force, impact and consequential inundation is no less severe than in flood prone regions (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). It is evident that all populated areas across the world face risks from flooding, even as some societies are far more vulnerable than others to flood hazards (Alexander, 2006, p 1). Again whilst some societies have come to understand the damage that can be caused by floods and have adopted suitable measures to minimise associated damage, many others continue to be caught off guard and are found to be unprepared, to a great extent, when floods occur; such inadequacies exist both in minimising the damage from such floods and in taking appropriate post disaster action (Alexander, 2006, p 1). The members of such under protected societies thus often experience far more loss to life and property than those of better prepared communities (Alexander, 2006, p 1). The rapid and progressive increase in global population has led to the need for people to settle in new and hitherto unpopulated areas, some of which are known to be prone to natural hazards (Boruff Cutter, 2007, p 24). Saudi Arabia for instance is experiencing continuous increase in its population, much of which is fuelled by the inflow of people from other nations, who come in search of employment in the oil rich and fast growing Saudi economy (Boruff Cutter, 2007, p 24). The movement of people on account of political, social and economic reasons often leads to the development of habitation in areas that could be prone to flooding events (Boruff Cutter, 2007, p 24). Floods are defined in insurance contracts as a temporary covering of land by water as a result of surface waters escaping from their normal confines or as a result of heavy precipitation. (Kron, 2005 p 58) They can be categorised into three distinct classes, namely (a) storm surges, (b) river floods and (c) flash floods (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). Apart from these three types of floods, flooding can also occur because of specific reasons like the occurrence of tsunamis, breaks in dams, rising of ground water, and glacial lake outbursts (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). Storm surges occur mainly on the coasts of big lakes, seas, and oceans (Castonguay, 2007, p 820). They have in the past been the reason for the greatest losses to life and property that have occurred because of natural water related disasters (Castonguay, 2007, p 820). Whilst developed countries are fortifying their coasts in order to minimise the damage from such occurrences, storm surges continue to be a major threat in coastal areas across the world (Castonguay, 2007, p 820). River floods occur after heavy and continuous rainfall for many days, and even weeks, over substantially large geographical regions (Changnon, 1996, p 14-32). Saturation of soil in such cases results in the inability of the ground surface to absorb water indefinitely and further rainfall results in water running directly into streams and rivers (Changnon, 1996, p 14-32). Such floods generally grow gradually, even though they can sometimes occur within short periods, and can affect very large areas, especially where land topography is flat (Changnon, 1996, p 14-32). Whilst river floods in narrow valleys lead to inundation of small strips of land alongside rivers, the depths of such inundation and velocity of water can be excessively high and lead to enormous destruction of life and property in affected areas (Changnon, 1996, p 14-32). Whilst river floods occur from river based water sources and not from seas or oceans, their effect is often greater than that of flooding caused by seas (Changnon, 1996, p 14-32). Flash floods are predominantly local events, which occur in a scattered manner at different times across the world (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). Such floods come about after the occurrence of intense rainfall in a short geographical area (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). The rate of infiltration of water into the ground in such cases is much slower than the rate of precipitation, even though the ground may not be fully saturated (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). Flash floods often occur very suddenly and flood waves can rush to distant but contiguous locations in very short periods (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). Whilst the forecasting of flash floods is very difficult because of the extremely small period between its first indication and actual occurrence and the actual period of occurrence of rainfall is short, their potential for destruction is immense (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). Such floods occur not just in steep terrains, where water can flow swiftly, but also in flat areas where ground slopes are to o less for the occurrence of swift storm water runoffs (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). Water in such situations collects on the surface in hardly noticeable depressions and in other areas like underground parking lots, basements and subways (Briguglio, 2008, p 1-15). Flooding also occurs because of water logging when widespread and continuous rains inundate large traps of land (Castonguay, 2007, p 820). 2.2. Impact of Eco Systems on Floods Environmental experts state that whilst climate change is possibly influencing the excessive rainfall that has been ravaging Asia in the last few years, the purposeful and progressive destruction of eco systems by humans is playing a greater role in the intensification of the severity of floods (Guenni, et al, 2005, p 1). Extensive deforestation, along with the conversion of wet lands to sprawling urban development and the blocking of natural drainage systems are intensifying the impact of floods (Guenni, et al, 2005, p 1). A number of environmental experts agree that whilst much of the modern day problems associated with environmental issues are being attributed to climate change, the severity of natural disasters is actually intensifying because of human destruction of natural infrastructure (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). Millions of people are building homes along flood plains and increasing garbage is blocking natural water ways (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). All across Asia, cities are experiencing unplanned growth of urban sprawls, along with poor land and waste management (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). Such developments are reducing natural protective phenomena and exposing human life and property to chances of extensive damage (Kron, 2005, p 58-68). Obtaining a true understanding of eco system services in the safeguarding of human well being is difficult because of the range of factors that can both protect and harm humans during natural disasters (Castonguay, 2007, p 820). The following table illustrates the various ways in which eco systems play important roles in flood regulation (Castonguay, 2007, p 820). Key Role of Ecosystems in Regulating Extreme Events Ecosystem Role in Flood Regulation Cultivated Crop cover provides flood protection, conditioned on good management Dry land Protection through vegetation cover; recharge of aquifers Forest Protection from floods providing flood attenuation and soil loss prevention Urban Move people away from flood-prone areas, conditioned on good urban planning Inland Waters Provide mechanisms for flood attenuation potential (wetlands, lakes, etc.) Coastal Benefits from sediment transport to the coastal zone; flood protection provided by coastal ecosystems (barrier beaches, mangroves, etc.) Marine Benefits from nutrient transport to the oceans Polar Discharge regulation to oceans in the Arctic system (freshwater provision to Arctic oceans) Mountains Regulating flood-related events (slope stability) Islands Benefits from sediment transport to oceans through floods from the mainland; aquifer recharge as main source of fresh water (Source: Guenni, et al, 2005, p 444) 2.3. Role of Spatial Planning in Flood Prevention and Control Increased vulnerability to flooding of different types is occurring across the world because of destruction of protective eco systems like mangroves, coral reefs and flood plains (Alterman, 2001, p 7-19). Disasters have been found to be higher in regions that have suffered from greater environmental degradation (Alterman, 2001, p 7-19). Many countries experience severe problems from floods at irregular but frequent intervals (Chan Parker, 1996, p 313). The traditional approach taken by such nations for reduction of flood control consists mainly of (a) measures like construction of dykes and dams, and (b) improvements to canals, channels, and drainage systems (Chan Parker, 1996, p 313). Many of such programmes have been adopted specifically for cities and demarcated agricultural areas and have involved the deployment of a limited range of engineering activities for the overcoming of flooding problems (Chan Parker, 1996, p 313). Whilst some of these solutions have proven to be useful, others have ended up in aggravating flood damage (De Cola, 2002, p 363). Many western countries are now recognising the inadequacy of flood management programmes that are solely dependent upon structural measures (De Cola, 2002, p 363). Western countries are increasingly engaging in deployment of non-structural methods for flood prevention (Comfort, 1988, p 78- 82). Such measures aim to minimise losses through controlling urban and collateral development in areas at risk from floods (Comfort, 1988, p 78- 82). Non-structural measures are by and large utilised along with a range of structural measures in order to create comprehensive systems for dealing with flood problems (Comfort, 1988, p 78- 82). Many such programmes with non-structural components have however met with partial success because of problems associated with zoning of land and relocation of people (Comfort, 1988, p 78- 82). Comprehensive flood hazard management is the most effective way to address flood control issues. It incorporates a variety of engineering, environmental protection and planning measures. It includes flood plain management, flood control maintenance activities, storm water management, shoreline management, protection of frequently flooded areas under Growth Management, watershed management, other flood hazard mitigation activities, and preparation for flood disasters where mitigation activities cannot prevent flooding. (MRSC, 2010, p1) Experts agree that spatial management, which includes both structural and non-structural measures, can significantly help in preventing and reducing the impact of natural disasters (Comfort, 1988, p 78- 82). Such planning essentially contains the following elements: Early warning system: Spatial planning will succeed only if it is based upon sound information on the region under consideration. This calls for the introduction and implementation of suitable methods for acquisition and measurement of data about environmental hazards. Risk Assessment and Mapping: The formulation of effective systems for prevention of flood related disasters depends upon the availability of comprehensive information on the causes and impact of flooding. Such systems require the creation of appropriate frameworks for assessment and evaluation of floods. Hydrological and geological information like thematic hazard maps can help significantly in reducing loss of life and property because of floods. Prevention and Reduction: Spatial planning efforts require the analysis of various inter-relationships between spatial planning and the occurrence of floods. Appropriate spatial models can be discussed and established only on the basis of results of such analysis. Risk management: Spatial planning, to be effective, needs to carefully look at various elements of infrastructure like evacuation routes and safety spaces, which can help safeguard and secure individuals during the occurrence of floods. Reconstruction: Spatial planning is of extreme importance during reconstruction after disasters, when rebuilding has to be appropriately executed in order to eliminate past inadequacies and prepare for future developments. (Comfort, 1988, p 78- 82) 2.4. Prevention, Management and Control of Flood Disasters Spatial planning, whilst extremely important for mitigation of the impact of floods is only one of a number of dimensions that have to be considered, when planning for prevention, management, and control of flood disasters. Some extremely important aspects of flood control are detailed in the following sub-sections (Haeuber Michener, 1998, p 74). 2.4.1. Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping A vulnerability analysis aims to assess the risks faced by structures and populations within flood prone areas (Guenni, et al, 2005, p 1). Such analysis assesses the potential impact of flooding by way of damage to roads, bridges, buildings and critical utilities (Guenni, et al, 2005, p 1). Vulnerability analysis is executed for different probability levels of floods and leads to the development of an elevation-damage curve (Guenni, et al, 2005, p 1). Such an analysis, by identifying high risk populations, is useful for formulation of required emergency responses in terms of evacuation and temporary shelters (Guenni, et al, 2005, p 1). A vulnerability analysis also helps in deciding acceptable risk levels and the level for which protection is essential (Guenni, et al, 2005, p 1). Mapping is closely associated with vulnerability analysis and represents a detailed definition of risk prone areas (Kaschube, 2006, p 50). Mapping is an important fundamental activity for all types of flood preparation programmes (Kaschube, 2006, p 50). With such maps often having legal implications with regard to zoning and the execution of structural and non-structural flood control actions, they must be credible and accurate (Kaschube, 2006, p 50). Such mapping by and large takes place on the frequency of flood events and along with vulnerability analysis provides a basis for all flood control measures (Kaschube, 2006, p 50). 2.4.2. Protection of Flood Prone Lands Vulnerability analysis and mapping provide vital inputs for the formulation of policies and programmes for controlling the incidence and impact of areas that are susceptible to floods (Johnson, et al, 2007, p 374). Policies and programmes for effective flood control often envisage carefully thought out controls over fresh development in flood prone areas, along with programmes for reduction of damage to existing development (Johnson, et al, 2007, p 374). Such policies are needed to limit the increasing economic and social losses that come about from floods (Johnson, et al, 2007, p 374). Flood control programmes should in the first place focus on alternate utilisation of lands facing flood risks (Krischenbaum, 2004, p 57-60). It is often better to zone such lands and use them for parks or other nature areas, rather than to think of measures to protect future development from floods (Krischenbaum, 2004, p 57-60). Zoning along with appropriate measures for flood proofing can help significantly in mitigation of damages from future floods (Lerner, 1998, p 35). However the final utility of such measures depends upon maintenance and enforcement (Lerner, 1998, p 35). Many local authorities, who are under developmental pressure, have shown tendencies to relax their stand on flood control as years pass by without the occurrence of floods (Lerner, 1998, p 35). 2.4.3. Climatological Forecasting and Geographic Information Systems Significant advances in techniques and methods for climatological forecasting have now made it a very useful tool for mitigation of flooding risks (Kotter, 2003, p 78-86). Such forecasting entails the correlation of extreme events to major alterations in ocean and atmospheric circulation patterns (Kotter, 2003, p 78-86). The identification of such patterns helps in forecasting storm activity with substantially greater accuracy than what could be done in the past (Kron, 2000, p 570-581). Climatological forecasting provides important information for improvement of emergency response readiness (Kron, 2000, p 570-581). Such forecasts are also helpful for increasing availability of reservoir storage and for building awareness of flooding potential (Kron, 2000, p 570-581). Such measures can lessen flooding severity, as and when floods occur (Kotter, 2003, p 78-86). Forecasting of extreme flooding can help local authorities in taking preventive actions such as piling up of sand bags, arrang ing for supplies of food and water, and removing high value goods (Kotter, 2003, p 78-86). Climatological forecasting helps in building public awareness of the potential impact of floods, highlighting expected public responses, and carrying out drills to assess degree of preparedness (Kron, 2000, p 570-581). Geographic Information Systems (GIS) represent software driven information and management systems that help in forecasting of water flows and in development of emergency responses (Penning-Rowsell Tapsell, 2004, p 6-38). Such systems use data from various sources, combine them suitably, and thereafter provide information for specific locations (Penning-Rowsell Tapsell, 2004, p 6-38). Data on vegetative cover is for example combined with information on soil and slope of land to assess infiltration rates for purposes of forecasting (Penning-Rowsell Tapsell, 2004, p 6-38). Climatological forecasting and geographical information systems, when used in combination, can be helpful in providing information for the taking of a range of precautionary measures for the mitigation of the impact of floods (Penning-Rowsell Tapsell, 2004, p 6-38). 2.4.4. Structural Measures Structural measures represent the undertaking of a wide range of infrastructural activities that aim to protect regions from the devastation that can be caused by floods (Munich Re, 2000, p 1-5). Such structural measures largely consist of protective infrastructural development like reservoirs for flood storage, the diversion of flood water for storage in side channels or to other water sheds, and the building of storm channels that can carry water around risk prone areas (Munich Re, 2000, p 1-5). These structural measures can be built to ensure various protection levels and can help significantly in reduction of flood damage (MRSC, 2010, p1). The construction of structural work is influenced by (a) determined standards for protection against floods, (b) costs and benefits of planned structures, and (c) the need to satisfy determined risk levels (MRSC, 2010, p1). The undertaking of protective infrastructure is important when (a) substantial infrastructure is already in place, and (b) the costs of protecting such development is expected to be substantially less than what can be expected to arise out of relocation of such infrastructure, lost economic activity, reconstruction of damaged infrastructure, or disaster relief and assistance (Pelling, 2003, p 8-23). The example of Winnipeg in Canada underlines the importance of engagement in appropriate structural measures (Pelling, 2003, p 8-23). Structural flood protection measures amounting to USD 92 million were completed for the city in the 1960s (Pelling, 2003, p 8-23). It is estimated that these structures minimised the impact of five floods that occurred since then and prevented damages that would have cost approximately USD 2 billion to repair (Pelling, 2003, p 8-23). The erection of protective infrastructure often leads to increase in developmental activities in areas that are at risk from floods, because of assumptions that such areas become safe from floods after the execution of structural measure (Hultman Bozmoski, 2006, p 25). Such assumptions can however prove to be misplaced and lead to over development with consequent increase in the vulnerability of such areas to floods. Storage dams can prove to be extremely dangerous when development in surrounding areas exceeds specified thresholds, because unanticipated levels of rainfall can lead to swift increase in water levels, thereby making emergency and evacuation responses very challenging (Hultman Bozmoski, 2006, p 25). Structural work, to be successful against flood protection, must be accompanied by systematic and established programmes for assessment, repair and maintenance, in order to maintain originally specified design capabilities. Canals, channels, and dikes, may, for example, be weakened by progressive erosion, movement of animals or erection of utility facilities. Such infrastructural work need to be subjected to carefully thought out safety programmes, in accordance with established guidelines and standards. All new construction allowed in flood prone areas should incorporate flood protection measures in order to reduce the potential for future damage (Kahn, 2005, p 271-284). Building codes should incorporate measures for reducing flood damage by ensuring that important utilities are located above expected floor levels (Kahn, 2005, p 271-284). Items that cannot be moved away easily should not be allowed to be stored in basements or ground floors (Kahn, 2005, p 271-284). Whilst allowing new development, care must be taken to ensure that such development will not lead to significant increase of flood waters and thereby increase risks to the complete area (Kahn, 2005, p 271-284). Protection of existing structures from floods is often a challenging and expensive process (Handmer, 1987, p 51-58). Some governments have related post flood disaster help to the commitment of reconstruction methods that will reduce future damages from floods (Handmer, 1987, p 51-58). Such a strategy becomes specifically useful where flooding takes place often and monetary help for disaster assistance is an integral component of disaster policies (Pielke Jr., 2000, p 5-12). Flood protection of existing structures and buildings can incorporate measures like raising the level of structures to prevent future harm, movement of utilities, alteration in use of buildings, setting up of protective walls, building of waterproof enclosures, and utilisation of materials that are resistant to water and can be restored easily after flood events (Pielke Jr., 2000, p 5-12). The relocation of existing structures to other areas that are at lesser risks from floods is also a possible, though difficult option (Newson, 1997, p 22-36). Relocation for particularly vulnerable structures may however be imperative in certain cases, despite the associated difficulties and expenses (Newson, 1997, p 22-36). Particular buildings may be at such great risk that no amount of flood proofing measures may be sufficient to ensure desired levels of safety (Newson, 1997, p 22-36). Local authorities need to be firm in such situations and ensure relocation in order to prevent extensive loss to property and life in future flood events (Newson, 1997, p 22-