Educational Preparation

Write a formal paper (750-1,000 words) discussing the differences in competencies between nurses prepared at the associate-degree level versus the baccalaureate-degree level in nursing. For additional help finding research on this topic, refer to the library tutorial located at in the Student Success Center. Identify a patient care situation in which you describe how nursing care or approaches to decision-making may differ based upon the educational preparation of the nurse (BSN versus a diploma or ADN degree). IntroductionNurses are prepared in two different educational backgrounds, the baccalaureate degree level of nursing and the associate-degree level of nursing. Though they are prepared in two different settings when completion of these programs both sit for NCLEX-RN exam. The NCLEX is the state board to license and RN for competency to work as a registered nurse. There are few differences in competencies between associate- degree nurses and baccalaureate degree level nurses inc luding their level of commitment, leadership skills and their quality of patient care.Education is an infinite process. Every day, new developments emerge and new deceases and remedies discovered. The overall outlook of healthcare professions has dramatically changed in the past few decades. Nursing plays a very critical and important part in efficient care and patient safety. Nurses work shoulder to shoulder with physicians in treatment planning and management. Legal and ethical responsibility of the care provided is also increasingly shared by the Nurses. Nursing profession thus calls for better qualified and well groomed nurses.Even though associate degree programs prepare nurses for patient care in a hospital setting, that training is insufficient for a variety of nursing roles. Comparison Point one-Associate level nursing was established after World War 2 during a nursing shortage. This started at the community colleges; students would have to attend for 2 years to obtain your nursing degree. Community colleges were growing at a fast rate they were able to accept many more students than universities. Associate nurses were taught the skills of nursing to work as an RN.One study showed that when reviewed by managers 86% of ADN nurses met or exceeded their expectation. (EEpg268) Point two Baccalaureate degree programs are help at the Universities, and students would attend these schools for four years to obtain their nursing degree. One study shows that nurses with their BSN are shown to be less task oriented, have critical thinking skills, are more professional in their role, and show more leadership skills. These nurses look at the patient as a whole and not just a list of things they need to accomplish during their day.ADN program is designed to provide the skills and knowledge to become a compliant generalist nurse. In most cases, it is a 20 month program aimed to provide a reasonably good training for the licensure examination (NCLEX-RN) and then an imm ediate, decent staff position in hospitals and inpatient healthcare modern society human being, encompass extensively sophisticated requisites provoking advanced techniques of acquisition directly correlating to health care industry.The health care is intensifying in complexity and observing beneficial amendments. The longevity and expectations have heightened thus nurses are obligate to become educated in higher echelon, the professional baccalaureate level, to comprehensively achieve composite necessities. The professional nurse who graduates with a baccalaureate is primed for broader role in numerous facet of health care in addition to global knowledge of functionality of medical system and diverse methods of application.Enabling the application in daily patient care, the delegation of tasks, independent decision making, secure patient discharge, and numerous other aspects provoking an improvement in quality of care. Research has shown that lower mortality rates, fewer medication errors, and positive outcomes are all linked to nurses prepared at the baccalaureate and graduate degree levels. Education for nurses is life long process either at the bedside or school, nurses are continuously learning to meet the competencies of professional practice and growing demand of excellent care.The difference between the nurse prepared at the associate degree level versus the baccalaureate degree level in nursing is the nurse with baccalaureate degree has the more prestigious degree and training in global aspect of health care Learning in complex systems is, itself, complex. Nonlinear systems confound attempts to develop and enforce simple models of cause and effect, and so traditional, hypothetical-deductive methods to explore cause and effect often fail.We know that in the daily life of parenting, marital relationships, and team sports, where â€Å"continual learning and improvement† replaces â€Å"planned experiment† as an approach for gaining knowledge . Even where firm, cause-and-effect knowledge exists in science-based health care the knowledge, for example, that antibiotic A will almost always kill bacterium B the application of that knowledge runs straightaway into the messy world of complex systems.That is, reliably getting the antibiotic safely into the body of a patient with that germ turns out to be a constant challenge as systems fail (the order got lost), unpredicted side effects occur (the patient is on an incompatible other drug), local circumstances become highly relevant (the drug is unfamiliar to the new doctor), and errors multiply (the bacteriological report was on the wrong patient). The fact is frustrating and inescapable: in health care, as in any complex enterprise, the simple, scientific facts lie fallow without continual Adaptation to local contexts.The modern nurse who intends to improve the job effectively needs to be a master of the work So what is the difference and how will it affect the course of a car eer in nursing In today’s nursing world, more is expected from a nurse than following doctor’s orders and starting IVs. The nurse must be able to make critical decisions about a patient’s care, to question the doctor if orders seem inappropriate and to help the patient through, sometimes, difficult life-changing decisions.These skills take an education that is broad based, one that includes critical thinking and exposure to many different people, thought processes, and culture and societal norms. Two year nursing programs do recognize these needs and address them as they can, requiring liberal arts classes to be taken before entering the program and teaching decision making skills along the way. At every level of nursing, the ability to connect with different people, recognize the pressures they face from their personal environment and find value in each is critical.This is a lot to learn against a backdrop of proficiently performed procedures and giving the rig ht medication. BSN  programs offer more education aimed at developing these skills. These programs bolster knowledge about community and public health issues. There is also more attention paid to nursing management, that is, enhancing skills needed to help â€Å"direct reports† do their best work for the patient and the health care organization. Opportunity to refine patient assessment skills and examine more in depth the pathophysiology of diseases, also sets these rograms apart from their two-year program me Nurses who graduate with a BSN degree will find it easier to enter faculty teaching positions, higher level administrative roles in hospitals or other health care environments and State or Federal level government nursing jobs. And for some, these roles are more satisfying, allowing the individual to affect change at a more global level than one-on-one nursing. While it is true an experienced, talented nurse with an AS degree can move â€Å"up the ladder† into management and leadership roles, the Bachelor’s degree can make the climb a little less steep.And, with all this said, there will always be a critical role for the nurse who works directly with the patient, teaching patients about their health care, assuring quality wound management in the hospital setting and observing patients for signs of a worsening condition. Nursing is a huge and welcoming field. It offers a satisfying career path for both AS and  BSN  trained nurses. Whatever path you have chosen in nursing, the essential wisdom is to continue enhancing your skills and education so that your community, your organization and your patients benefit from your broadened view of the world. ConclusionI know personally from being an RN with my associate degree that I do think differently than other RNs. I find myself worrying a lot about the tasks that I need to finish before my shift ends and not looking at the reasons why I am doing things. I watch other RNs getting why they patient is experiencing these symptoms while I am just following orders and treating the patient. I have seen myself start critically thinking on what my patients need and asking the doctors for different things. References Conceptual foundations the bridge to professional nursing practice 5th edition 2011 American Association of college of nursingRobert Rosseter april 2 2012The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health http://www. nap. edu/catalog/12956. html Aiken, L. H. , Cheung, R. B. & Olds, D. M. (2009, June 12). Education policy initiatives to address the nurse shortage in the United States. Health Affairs Web Exclusive. Accessed June 22, 2009 at http://content. healthaffairs. org/cgi/content/abstract/hlthaff. 28. 4. w646 American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2009). 2008-2009 Enrollment and graduations in Baccalaureate and graduate programs in nursing. Washington, DC: Author. Educational Preparation Educational Preparation juli mar Grand Canyon University NRS 430 12-18-11 Educational Preparation There are 2 common, but different, pathways to receiving a RN license. You can earn a bachelor’s degree (BSN) or an associate degree, (ADN). While there are similarities between the two programs, a BSN takes two additional years of college at a university. Both programs teach nursing skills, electives ,science courses, and clinicals. But, the BSN program is a more in-depth study of nursing research, theory, evidence based practice, management, community, and public health nursing. The baccalaureate program gives the individual the added benefit of having more education. â€Å" No matter which type of entry into practice program one chooses, â€Å"the demands placed on nursing in the emerging health care system are likely to require a greater proportion of RNs who are prepared beyond the associate degree or diploma level. (Recreating health professional practice for a new century. , 1998). Even though the BSN has more education, both graduates are held to the same standards of practice. ADN and BSN nurses must pass the NCLEX exam. They have the same patient workload, responsibilities, and the same starting rate of pay. This brings up the often debate, are their competencies any different ? Mildred Montag created the 2 year associate degree after World War II. Several important goals were attained by the AD programs’ success. It helped train registered nurses to help replace baccalaureate nurses in a shorter time. † A new pool of students, including men, married women with children, and older than typical undergraduates, were now able to choose nursing career† (Creasia & Friberg, 2011, p. 1). Montag assumed these nurses would be assistants to the professional nurses, and since there has been a long debate on whether this degree should continue. The conflict is related to the educational level, leadership, and critical thinking skills of the BSN vs. ADN. Many other countries, Canada, Sweden, Portugal, and the Philippines all require a four year BSN degree for entry level RN. I do believe emplo yers in the United States are moving towards a BSN for entry level as they did before the ADN was developed. In 1965, the American Nurses Association (ANA) designated the baccalaureate degree as the educational entry point into professional nursing practice†(Creasia & Friberg, 1965/2011, p. 4). Most employers have a strong preference for hiring a BSN, as nurses continue to expand their roles and are providing more community based care away from the hospital. Society is also changing and patient needs are becoming more complex as they are living longer, have more chronic illness, and technology advancing. These are reasons a BSN is becoming more apparent in our society today. Does having a BSN mean she/he is more competent over the other ADN ? A BSN is better prepared to meet all the patients needs. They can better assist with teaching in the communities, can take a leadership position, function as clinical nurse leaders( charge nurse), has more advanced critical thinking skills, familiar with nursing research, evidence based practice, and theory. Evidence based practice( EBP), means to back up opinions and practices with facts. Basically, the more we think about what we’re doing and why the better nurses we will be. We learned the importance of this from Florence Nightingale, the founder of modern nursing. She used EBP to improve the conditions of hospitals during the Crimean war. She assessed the environment, collected data, identified interventions, and monitored patient outcomes. In less than 6 months her interventions significantly decreased the mortality of soldiers. Nightingale utilized supporting evidence to transform healthcare(Cooper, 2011, p. 1) With her information, evidence based practice became used and appreciated. Nurses need to know what proven techniques and interventions have been found to be most effective. They can only do this by applying evidence based practice, which is better taught at a BSN level. A BSN can continue to expand their role as a RN, using their BSN as a stepping stone towards, nurse practitioner ,nurse midwife, or nurse anesthetist, if they decide to do so. BSN nurses will find it easier to get faculty teaching positions, higher level administrative roles in hospitals and state or federal level government jobs(Forster, 2008, p. 1). In today’s world more is expected from a nurse than ever before. Nursing practice is not just starting IV’s and following doctors’ orders. The public expects care to be delivered by a professional nurse. The RN must be able to make critical decisions about a patients care, to question the doctor if orders seem inappropriate and to help the patient through some times life-changing decisions. This takes an education that is broad based, one that includes critical thinking and exposure to many different people, thought processes, and culture and societal norms. (Forster, 2008, p. 1). ADN usually cost less and takes less time to complete, but isn’t always the best choice if career advancement is wanted. The quality of our patient care is dependent on our education. Both are wonderful paths for anyone pursuing a nursing career and offer excellent pay, job security, and a wide range of work environments and experiences. References References Cooper, C. (2011). Transforming Healthcare through the use of evidence based practice [journal]. Nursing Excellence, 1(1), 1. Retrieved from http://www. childrenscentralcal. org Cooper, C. (2011). Transforming Healthcare through the use of evidence based practice [online newsletter]. Nursing Excellence, 1(1), 1. Retrieved from http://www. childrenscentralcal. rg Creasia, J. L. , & Friberg, E. (2011). Introduction. In E. Mosby (Ed. ), Conceptual Foundations : The Bridge to Professional nursing practice (p. 4). Retrieved from (Original work published 1965) Creasia, J. L. , & Friberg, E. (2011). Nursing in Institutions of Higher Education. In E. Mosby (Ed. ), Conceptual Foundations: The Bridge to Professional Nursing Practice (p. 41). Retrieved from Forster, H. (2008). ADN vs BSN. Retrieved from http://nursinglink. monster. com/education/articles/3842adn-vs-bsn Pew Health Professions Commission. (1998). San Francisco: Author. Educational preparation There are three main avenues for a person to become a Registered Nurse in the United States. There are diploma programs, associate degree programs (AD), and baccalaureate degree (BBS) programs. Graduates from all three of these programs are eligible to take the same licensing exam and obtain the same registered nurse license in their respective states. Many people, nurses included, have often wondered what the difference is in the education these nurses have received.Is it all the same? Is an RAN an RAN no matter what his/her education level? The primary difference between an AD nurse and a BBS nurse lies within the focus of their nursing education. Recent research indicates that baccalaureate programs focus more on care coordination and community health than do associate programs. One source stated that baccalaureate nursing programs historically provide two to three times more clinical training in outpatient settings than associate programs (Feature 2013).Thus, baccalaureate prepar ed nurses are better equipped to work in these alternative healthcare settings and to provide care to patients who eave the hospital and move on to these alternative settings. The associate degree (AD) nurse holds the same license as the BBS nurse. However, the focus of the associate program education is quite different. City University of New York faculty fellow, Maureen Wallace, Deed, RAN, stated, â€Å"Most AD students get an excellent clinical experience but their education has been heavily skills oriented and focused on acute care. (Feature, 2013, p. 3) The associate nurses' education is geared more towards inpatient, hospital based care. Unfortunately for he AD nurses, this puts them at somewhat of a disadvantage in the current healthcare climate. According to Dry. Patricia Banner (2009), more than 50% of all nurses now work outside of the hospital setting. So while AD nurses may have fantastic clinical skills for acute care, they may not possess critical knowledge needed to educate patients on disease prevention, self-care at home, and utilizing community resources.This apparent knowledge deficit and acute care focused training could significantly impact the way an AD RAN responds to a patient need versus how a BBS RAN might respond. This difference could even negatively impact the patient in the future. This can be demonstrated in the fictitious scenario of Mr.. Smith. Mr.. Smith was admitted to the hospital through the emergency room four days ago with complaints of severe abdominal pain and vomiting fecal matter. He was diagnosed with a bowel obstruction secondary to colon cancer and immediately underwent surgery for tumor removal and bowel resection.He was married with two small children. He had lost a significant amount of weight in recent weeks and was extremely weak. Significant differences in the education level between the AD and BBS nurses can be seen in the way each delivered discharge instructions to this patient. Utilizing her skills and a cute care knowledge base, Nurse AD, focused her discharge instructions on post pop pain management, surgical site infection prevention, dietary restrictions, activity limitations, and the importance of keeping follow up appointments with the surgeon and oncologist.She instructed the patient's wife on how to perform the dressing change, and Mrs.. Smith performed a return ministration reluctantly. Mr.. And Mrs.. Smith nodded politely as Nurse AD provided instructions but they did not ask any questions. They both nodded in agreement when she asked if they understood the instructions. Mrs.. Smith signed the discharge instruction form and Nurse AD advised them to let her know when they were ready to leave so she could call for transport downstairs. Mr.. And Mrs.. Smith were very likely completely overwhelmed at this point, having Just received the new diagnosis of cancer.Mr.. Smith was so weak that he could not perform his own Tall's. Mrs.. Smith as wondering how in the world she was goi ng to get him out of the car once they got home let alone how she was going to bathe him and change his dressing with two small children underfoot. This lack of resources, support, and knowledge could put Mr.. Smith at high risk for re-hospitalizing. Since he will not have adequate assistance at home, he is likely to not follow activity restrictions. He may even fall and injure himself due to his weakened condition. Mrs..Smith probably did not retain much of the discharge education and may not be able to consistently perform an septic dressing change. His surgical wound could become infected. If Nurse BBS completes Mr.. Smith's discharge teaching, the scenario could be much different. Nurse BBS also drew from her educational background. However, hers was more focused on care coordination, community health and illness prevention (The impact of education 2014). She began her discharge instructions by assessing the couple's level of understanding and coping as well as the resources ava ilable to them at home.She asked if Mr.. Smith had a wheelchair for transport from his car to his home. She asked if they had a way to raise the head of his bed or if they had a reclining chair that he could sleep in for comfort and ease of movement. Mrs.. Smith responded by replying that she does not have a clue how to operate a wheel chair or where to obtain one and furthermore, she was not sure she was going to be able to take care of him at all. Nurse BBS identified the need for ongoing skilled nursing care and education. She spoke with the surgeon and obtained an order to refer Mr.. Smith to a home health agency.She delayed Mr.. Smith's discharge for several hours until he home health agency could evaluate him and deliver a wheelchair and hospital bed to his home. Mr.. Smith will now receive nursing care at home to manage his wound and to train Mrs.. Smith on aseptic technique for dressing changes. He will also receive education on all aspects of his newly diagnosed cancer and physical therapy to address his weakness and prevent falls. In this scenario, Mr.. Smith is much less likely to return to the hospital because of the nursing education and in home care he received (Beanbag's and Terrain 2000).His wound will likely heal very icily and he will be better prepared to cope with his disease and recovery because he will have received ample education from his home health nurse. He will probably feel less fearful at home because he will still have access to a nurse when he has a need or a question. In both scenarios, the nurses held the same license. They both performed their Job duties well. They both had the patient's best interest at heart. They both utilized the nursing process and interventions to assist the patient during his time of crisis.However, Nurse Abs's interventions were better suited to meet the tangent's needs. Because her nursing education was more focused on community health and outpatient settings, she was better able to assess the patien t holistically and address his immediate and long term needs. Mr.. Smith is much less likely to be re-hospitalized and much more likely to have a good outcome because of Nurse BBS. Educational preparation There are three main avenues for a person to become a Registered Nurse in the United States. There are diploma programs, associate degree programs (AD), and baccalaureate degree (BBS) programs. Graduates from all three of these programs are eligible to take the same licensing exam and obtain the same registered nurse license in their respective states. Many people, nurses included, have often wondered what the difference is in the education these nurses have received.Is it all the same? Is an RAN an RAN no matter what his/her education level? The primary difference between an AD nurse and a BBS nurse lies within the focus of their nursing education. Recent research indicates that baccalaureate programs focus more on care coordination and community health than do associate programs. One source stated that baccalaureate nursing programs historically provide two to three times more clinical training in outpatient settings than associate programs (Feature 2013).Thus, baccalaureate prepar ed nurses are better equipped to work in these alternative healthcare settings and to provide care to patients who eave the hospital and move on to these alternative settings. The associate degree (AD) nurse holds the same license as the BBS nurse. However, the focus of the associate program education is quite different. City University of New York faculty fellow, Maureen Wallace, Deed, RAN, stated, â€Å"Most AD students get an excellent clinical experience but their education has been heavily skills oriented and focused on acute care. (Feature, 2013, p. 3) The associate nurses' education is geared more towards inpatient, hospital based care. Unfortunately for he AD nurses, this puts them at somewhat of a disadvantage in the current healthcare climate. According to Dry. Patricia Banner (2009), more than 50% of all nurses now work outside of the hospital setting. So while AD nurses may have fantastic clinical skills for acute care, they may not possess critical knowledge needed to educate patients on disease prevention, self-care at home, and utilizing community resources.This apparent knowledge deficit and acute care focused training could significantly impact the way an AD RAN responds to a patient need versus how a BBS RAN might respond. This difference could even negatively impact the patient in the future. This can be demonstrated in the fictitious scenario of Mr.. Smith. Mr.. Smith was admitted to the hospital through the emergency room four days ago with complaints of severe abdominal pain and vomiting fecal matter. He was diagnosed with a bowel obstruction secondary to colon cancer and immediately underwent surgery for tumor removal and bowel resection.He was married with two small children. He had lost a significant amount of weight in recent weeks and was extremely weak. Significant differences in the education level between the AD and BBS nurses can be seen in the way each delivered discharge instructions to this patient. Utilizing her skills and a cute care knowledge base, Nurse AD, focused her discharge instructions on post pop pain management, surgical site infection prevention, dietary restrictions, activity limitations, and the importance of keeping follow up appointments with the surgeon and oncologist.She instructed the patient's wife on how to perform the dressing change, and Mrs.. Smith performed a return ministration reluctantly. Mr.. And Mrs.. Smith nodded politely as Nurse AD provided instructions but they did not ask any questions. They both nodded in agreement when she asked if they understood the instructions. Mrs.. Smith signed the discharge instruction form and Nurse AD advised them to let her know when they were ready to leave so she could call for transport downstairs. Mr.. And Mrs.. Smith were very likely completely overwhelmed at this point, having Just received the new diagnosis of cancer.Mr.. Smith was so weak that he could not perform his own Tall's. Mrs.. Smith as wondering how in the world she was goi ng to get him out of the car once they got home let alone how she was going to bathe him and change his dressing with two small children underfoot. This lack of resources, support, and knowledge could put Mr.. Smith at high risk for re-hospitalizing. Since he will not have adequate assistance at home, he is likely to not follow activity restrictions. He may even fall and injure himself due to his weakened condition. Mrs..Smith probably did not retain much of the discharge education and may not be able to consistently perform an septic dressing change. His surgical wound could become infected. If Nurse BBS completes Mr.. Smith's discharge teaching, the scenario could be much different. Nurse BBS also drew from her educational background. However, hers was more focused on care coordination, community health and illness prevention (The impact of education 2014). She began her discharge instructions by assessing the couple's level of understanding and coping as well as the resources ava ilable to them at home.She asked if Mr.. Smith had a wheelchair for transport from his car to his home. She asked if they had a way to raise the head of his bed or if they had a reclining chair that he could sleep in for comfort and ease of movement. Mrs.. Smith responded by replying that she does not have a clue how to operate a wheel chair or where to obtain one and furthermore, she was not sure she was going to be able to take care of him at all. Nurse BBS identified the need for ongoing skilled nursing care and education. She spoke with the surgeon and obtained an order to refer Mr.. Smith to a home health agency.She delayed Mr.. Smith's discharge for several hours until he home health agency could evaluate him and deliver a wheelchair and hospital bed to his home. Mr.. Smith will now receive nursing care at home to manage his wound and to train Mrs.. Smith on aseptic technique for dressing changes. He will also receive education on all aspects of his newly diagnosed cancer and physical therapy to address his weakness and prevent falls. In this scenario, Mr.. Smith is much less likely to return to the hospital because of the nursing education and in home care he received (Beanbag's and Terrain 2000).His wound will likely heal very icily and he will be better prepared to cope with his disease and recovery because he will have received ample education from his home health nurse. He will probably feel less fearful at home because he will still have access to a nurse when he has a need or a question. In both scenarios, the nurses held the same license. They both performed their Job duties well. They both had the patient's best interest at heart. They both utilized the nursing process and interventions to assist the patient during his time of crisis.However, Nurse Abs's interventions were better suited to meet the tangent's needs. Because her nursing education was more focused on community health and outpatient settings, she was better able to assess the patien t holistically and address his immediate and long term needs. Mr.. Smith is much less likely to be re-hospitalized and much more likely to have a good outcome because of Nurse BBS.

Save the Environment

My environmental issue is trash pollution. Trash pollution is basically when people pollute area’s where animals and human’s live with trash that they don’t dispose of properly so it end’s up in the places that we don’t want it like the ocean, and places where we generally live by. Trash pollution is occurring all over the world. Where ever people live their is almost always trash their. People are to lazy to dispose of their trash the right way so they basically throw it on the street, on beach’s etc. The issue that are facing are wildlife is that the trash is destroying their environment and polluting their ecosystem. ne example is that in Hawaii the sea turtles are dieing because they get tangled in plastic soda holders and they are also eating the trash that floats in the ocean. Polluting the ocean kills a lot of the big animals too because if the food sources for the big fish all die then of course the big fish will start to die too. The challenges were facing is finding out how to stop it because its a international problem so its hard to stop it because no one know where its coming from or who is doing it so its hard to stop it completely.Trash pollution is the worst in land because their is more trash on land then in the ocean and it does even more damage on land then it does in the ocean because its not only effecting the humans but the human’s main food sources and the land that they grow the different types of agriculture on. If we don’t have food we can’t survive and the main problem isn’t the polluting of trash, its how much trash we are actually generating because in a couple years almost all land fills will be full and their won’t be enough space for the other trash.People have proposed solutions like recycling metals, plastics, and glass. In Hawaii, some location have places to recycle your bottle’s and cans and u can even get money for recycling your materials. That’s what i don’t get, people getting paid to recycle? And yet people still are too lazy. Its the best of both worlds because if i recycle my materials then then won’t end up in our landfills and i get a few extra bucks depending on how much materials i recycle to spend on anything i want like for gas in i need.Also people have created materials to substitute the materials that take along time to biodegrade. Companies have created biodegradable bags and wrappers for the food items they see to make their company more green and help the environment out. Why not recycle? well that is the global question that still can’t entirely be answered. Trash pollution has effected the economy in many different ways. In Economics, an externality is a cost or benefit, not transmitted through prices,[1] incurred by a party who did not agree to the action causing the cost or benefit.A benefit in this case is called a positive externality or external benefit, while a cost is called a negative externality or external cost. In these cases in a competitive market, prices do not reflect the full costs or benefits of producing or consuming a product or service, producers and consumers may either not bear all of the costs or not reap all of the benefits of the economic activity, and too much or too little of the good will be produced or consumed in terms of overall costs and benefits to society.If there exist external costs such as pollution, the good will be overproduced by a competitive market, as the producer does not take into account the external costs when producing the good. If there are external benefits, such as in areas of education or public safety, too little of the good would be produced by private markets as producers and buyers do not take into account the external benefits to others. Here, overall cost and benefit to society is defined as the sum of the economic benefits and costs for all parties involved. [2] Save the Environment A speech: Save the environment  !! ————————————————- Welcome everybody, today we are going to talk about us, about our environment, and our planet. ————————————————- Look around you people, what do you see? Wake up and open your eyes widely. ————————————————- Nowadays it becomes normal to see the earth suffering from pollution. ———————————————— Trashes, factories, nuclear energy, bombes and chemicals are all destroying our planet. In fact we are the main reason of all those disasters. Human selfishness and economy importance are all causes. U nfortunately most of us don’t care about his personal environment forgetting that terrifying effects like diseases, desertification, and ozone layer’s hole, acid rain can all lead to our extinction.Those dreadful global warnings and catastrophes around the world opened our eyes to the real hazardous situation we’re going to face for the next years if this pollution completes increasing. Every day in the News we hear about a new earthquake or an erupted volcano or a tsunami or a destroyed city. It’s getting really bad, all because the nature is angry about those threats. But there is always hope and never forget late is better than never. It’s our planet our future protecting it starting by now is the only solution to survive and to solve fauna and flora’s problems.There is a million solution like saving water, stop logging, being more responsible green and sensitized, following the 3rs strategy, using biological products and of course search ing for new natural sources of energy because simply if we don’t respect the fortune given to us we will lose it as soon as possible. ————————————————- Now for sure we all imagine that pollution is a monster and it’s our duty to protect mother Earth from it but seriously isn’t it a responsibility humans owe to themselves

Advantage of Music

Advantages of music Affecting the brain waves According to studies it has been proven that your brainwaves can get stimulated with strong beats. The stimulation takes place to resonate in sync with the beat. Sharp  beats ensure sharp concentration and it can help you attain a meditative and calm state. Music and your heart rate: Due to alternations taking place in brainwaves, other bodily functions also get affected. Functions like heart rate and breathing that are controlled by the autonomic nervous system can be altered with music. Mozart effect The skills you learn through music get transferred to your communication skills, study skills and cognitive skills. According to a Harvard University study, the spatial-temporal reasoning gets enhanced when children start learning music. Such reasoning tends to improve in a temporary manner when an adult listens to a particular type of music. This study was named as the â€Å"Mozart effect† and it suggested that spatial reasoning and music have a neurological and psychological connection. Other Advantages Music therapy  is an interpersonal process in which the therapist uses music and all of its facets—physical, emotional, mental, social, aesthetic, and spiritual—to help clients to improve or maintain their health. In some instances, the clients needs are addressed directly through music; in others they are addressed through the relationships that develop between the client and therapist. Music therapy is used with individuals of all ages and with a variety of conditions, including: psychiatric disorders, medical problems, physical handicaps, sensory impairments, developmental disabilities, substance abuse, communication disorders, interpersonal problems, and aging. It is also used to: improve learning, build self-esteem, reduce stress,  support physical exercise, and facilitate a host of other health-related activities. Music Genera A  music genre  is a categorical and typological construct that identifies  musical  sounds as belonging to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other types of music

Social information processing theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social information processing theory - Essay Example Many different theories of communication have also sprung up to make the subject of communication more academic and easier to study and understand. One of these theories, which also transcends into a form of communication is the social information processing theory proposed by Joseph Walther in 1992 (Hissam and Daniel, 2009). In this essay, there is a critical analysis of the theory in terms of how online communication relationships may be established, the differences that exists between computer mediated communication, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of computer mediate communication. Online Communication Relationship One of the fundamental aspects of the social information processing theory is the use of online communication. Indeed, the advancement of technology has made online communication a very common phenomenon of late. Through devices such as smart phones, laptops, desktop computers and tablet computers, people use the internet to interact with one another. A unique feature of online communication is the kind of relationship that is established between two people communicating. ... on, as per son offered several avenues to send and receive information including the use of verbal communication, video calling, text messaging, pictures and the kind. All of these avenues help in making relationships forth coming and effective (Humphrey, 2001). The only hindrance identified with online communication relationship is that it trust and interpersonal relationship development takes a very long time to develop. This is because in most cases, there are very few things that can be learnt about people involved in the communication at a time and so the need to be sluggish in developing interpersonal relationship has always been advised. New technology and computer mediated communication Comparatively, computer mediated communication and for that matter social information processing theory has become better than it used to be in 1992 when it was first proposed by Joseph Walther. The reason behind this is the indulgence and evolution of new technology, most of which has come in the form of internet assisted information sharing. Examples of such new media include authoring tools like internet blogs, social information aggregation such as scratchmysoul.com and collaboration tools including the Wikipedia (Humphrey, 2001). Other forms of new technology that has enhanced computer mediated communication is tagging systems like Flickr and collaborative filtering such as Yahoo Answers. But of all these, social networking could be said to be the most influential towards the advancement of computer mediated communication. When it started newly, social networking was used only on a friendship communication but today the trend has changed such that social networking is used by almost every organization and institution that matters for communication purposes. Computer

Patch work for university year one student Assignment - 2

Patch work for university year one student - Assignment Example James was a determined and hardworking manager who conducted research on the ways that help bring positive results in a company. According to him, the most important was the human behavioral approach as the company’s workers were core in any activity a company undertook. He spent a considerable good amount of time learning the behavior of the four workers and coming up with ways of motivating them to work hard in order to achieve the set goals. After a close chat with Olive, James found out that she performed poorly under close supervision but performed well when given the space and freedom to work on her own. Harry was motivated by deadlines and working under a little pressure and thus all the work which had little time frame would be given to him. The unique thing about the skit is that James had to indentify on his own the behavior of the other group members and this is similar to what the managers do. It was easy for James however, to know the characteristics of every pers on in the group as we are in the same class. A manager should also find it easy to know the behaviors of his or her workers as they are working together all the time and for an extended period. I have grown up thinking that attaining skills that enable an individual work in a certain career line is all that an individual needs to become successful but my view changed after reading the article on continuing professional development (CPD) (Scales, 21). The article states that due to the ever-changing dynamics in the world, mere skills and knowledge in a certain career field are not enough and that a professional needs to continue developing them. I was amazed by how simple a professional could continue developing in his or her related field. According to the author, the first step to this is documenting and keeping track of the knowledge, experience and skills that a person has. It had not hit

Political Speech (Obama Inaugural Address 20th January 2009) Essay

Political Speech (Obama Inaugural Address 20th January 2009) - Essay Example The inauguration ceremony of Barak Obama set out new records in the history of United States of America. More than a million people were there to congratulate Obama and to welcome him as the new president of America. (Jem Aswad and Jennifer Vineyard) The detail scrutiny of Obama’s speech laid out the fact that all three persuasive appeals that is Ethos, Pathos and logos were used in this speech. Ethos (credibility) is an appeal in which the speaker tends to put forward his potential, knowledge and credibility regarding certain fact. Pathos is an emotional appeal in which the orator tries to convince people about something by targeting their emotions. The selection of words greatly influence people’s emotions, the better the language the better will be its effect on emotions of people. Pathos is an effective way to improve an argument or speech. Logos is a logical speech. It is a means of putting forward arguments that are based on logics and facts. Any disagreement rega rding such argument can be discarded immediately by considering and having a look at facts. In order to analyze Obama’s speech I will start with Pathos. From the very inception of his speech Obama started to target people’s emotions in an effective manner. ... Moreover he also appreciated President Bush’s efforts by thanking him. This shows that he holds no grudges against any political leader. Obama again by indicating the past tried to tap the emotions of people by saying: â€Å"What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility - a recognition, on the part of every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation, and the world, duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task.† Here he made them realize that each and every individual has certain responsibilities which are to be fulfilled. He has advised them they should accept their duties willingly without any resentment if they want their nation to prosper and progress fluidly. He said that giving yourself completely to a task which seems difficult and impossible and then coming out of the odds and ac hieving your goal is the finest accomplishment that one can ever have. In the end of the speech Obama again motivated the people by discussing the hardships which the United States of America has faced in the past. He put forward those difficulties by saying; â€Å"So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have traveled. In the year of America's birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river. The capital was abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stained with blood†¦ America. In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words. With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy

The qualitative and quantitative research paradigms and its underlying Essay

The qualitative and quantitative research paradigms and its underlying principles - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that epistemology has its origin from Greek and refers to knowledge. Therefore, the term epistemology is the acquired knowledge or explanation of how people come to know about the existence of something. The epistemology knowledge can be acquired through first hand experience or through theoretical study. According to Trochim, epistemology defines and explains how people come to know the reality of life. In general epistemology try to explain some of the following concept; the relationship between the knowledge and the individual who have acquired it, the manner in which the knowledge has been acquired, what is the meaning of the term knowledge to various individuals, and the general explanation of the important of the acquired knowledge to the knowledgeable and the entire society. On the other hand, the term ontology refers to the understanding and explanation of real life situation while the term paradigm is the entire belief systems that help people and researchers in doing their daily activities. It defines a set of practices and activities that are normal and valid in any situation. Therefore, proper understanding of the knowledge under study and the available research methods are the pillars of coming up with the best and practical research method which can bring about the desired outcome. In scientific research various methods are applied on various different scenarios. The paper below is based on explaining and analyzing the qualitative and quantitative research paradigms and its underlying principles as well as addressing the issue of different epistemological, ontological and methodological worldviews underpinning each of the two perspectives. The paper will also address the ethical considerations relating to research in tourism. Coll (2000, p 90) observed that, paradigm explains the experiment and practical means of acquiring knowledge, beliefs, and ideology on how an activity should be done. It is the mann er in which people acquire the knowledge and understanding of different perspectives. The object being studied should be researched and thoroughly analyzed to get the in depth knowledge and understanding of the subject (Coll 2000, p 91). The knowledge of the paradigm are acquired and approved through observation and analysis of the available ideas and facts. The individuals expected to acquire the paradigm beliefs and ideologies must practice the knowledge acquired to gain consistency and first hand experience. Therefore, knowledge is acquired through the meaning attached to a certain event. Researchers have to come to touch with the subject under study to acquire data necessary in the analysis process. The process to coming into touch with the object under study or the scenario under investigation to collect data is what is referred to as scientific research The interaction with the subject under investigation enhances changes in knowledge to both the researcher and the subject (Co ll, 2000, p. 91). Therefore, the knowledge and understanding of the epistemology differences between the various research paradigm among the research conducted on tourist is pure philosophical but not methodological. Denzin (2002, p. 102) stated that, the researcher theoretical knowledge plays a very crucial role in deciding the method to be used in a research. This is because of the implanted beliefs systems and ideologies about the subject under study. Hence, the researchers in the tourism study were guided by their initial knowledge about the tourism sector. The knowledge which guides the decision on the method can be acquired either through literature review or physical observation of a phenomenon. Therefore, the ontological assumption is squarely responsible for determination of the methodology to be applied in a research. In the study on tourism, the researchers have used the qualitative a

History wk10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History wk10 - Essay Example Whitten (1993) suggested that infusing Black psychologists into an introductory course will help students understand the social, economic and political factors on human development. I believe this is important because we tend to have a narrow view of the world that only encompasses those areas that we know well. We need to expand our thinking and take a look at how feminists, Black, cross-cultural, gay/lesbians and other look at the world. Talking about these issues in a class will make them more important to the student. Globalization impacts psychology because there are so many different issues that influence an individual's mental health. Arnett (2002) points out that globalization impacts every aspect of human life. He specifically looks at how this impacts adolescents but it is important as scholar practitioners to look at how people are impact. As a teacher and scholar practitioner, I would bring in many different types of issues so that my students could take a look and learn empathy for different situations. I believe that adding DVDs, extra readings and such would insure that students gained a well rounded understanding of why many different multicultural issues were important to the study of psychology. References Arnett, J.J. (2002).

Q8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Q8 - Essay Example Thirdly, the implementation budget generally does not contain adequate provision for funds and an impractical schedule for implementation may be set up. Unless adequate time is provided for the completion of each task, the result will be insufficient attention to detail and tasks that are completed carelessly. (Goldband, 2008). Another reason why ERP systems fail is the failure to provide staff members and employees with adequate training to handle the systems, leaving it all to the IT people. One example of such a failure is Cosworth, the race car manufacturer. This company had implemented a range of software solutions, but they did not function effectively because of the lack of integration of systems meant that information could not be easily accessed.(CIBER, 2005). In this instance, the failure was caused by the use of the wrong tools as well as a failure to train its employees and staff adequately in their use. In the case of Jada Precision Plastics, initial ERP tools were not successful, because it provided pre-packaged solutions. It was only after implementing the IQMS ERP software which allowed for data entry and manipulation that they achieved success. 2. Investment in ERP systems must be fuelled by business justification rather than technology motivation. As Goldband(2008) has pointed out, most businesses simply want to switch over from legacy systems and feel that implementing an ERP systems means that the computer technology will miraculously take care of everything. But the motivation and method in introducing an ERP system must be on the basis of the existing business processes and the needs that have been identified, so that the best ERP software can be chosen that most closely matches the existing processes. Choosing an ERP process merely on the basis of introducing technology may fail, unless the needs of the business processes are also taken

What are the pros and cons to bilateral versus multilateral aid Essay

What are the pros and cons to bilateral versus multilateral aid - Essay Example Finally, research reports reveal that the top ranking agencies in best practice are multilateral donors with World Bank’s International Development Bank (IDA) leading. The article ranks agencies according to their effectiveness in transparency. The World Bank group is ranks in the â€Å"good and â€Å"fair† category while bilateral agencies rank in the â€Å"poor† category with exception of UK’s DFID which ranks as good. This is important to the research in supporting the effectiveness of multilateral aid. The article discusses â€Å"best practices† in the way official aid is given and how an ideal agency behaves. It looks at issues such as transparency, specialization, selectivity, ineffective aid channels like tied aid and overhead costs. These agencies are classified into bilateral and multilateral agencies and multilateral agencies were found to rank high while UN agencies were ranked the worst. The article is important in helping to understand the aid agencies and their role in international development. The article discusses the influence of the U.S or donors on multilateral institutions such as the World Bank thus hindering their achievement of millennium development goals and development effectiveness. It is helpful in understanding the workings of Bretton Wood institutions and the disadvantages they have due to donor influence. The book contains articles by leading scholars and practitioners and has chapters dedicated to actors and aid agencies hence it is important in understanding bilateral and multilateral aid and importance to development. The book gives an account of difficulties faced by countries due to bilateral aid from many sources and neglect of some countries. It is important for the research in assessing the disadvantages and advantages of bilateral

Ethical issues Essay Example for Free

Ethical issues Essay 1. Environmental Hazards: The pollutants that business industry dumps into the environment are more than just ugly nuisance; they are killers. For example, air pollution has been found to be related to deaths from bronchitis, heart disease, as well as emphysema, and several types of cancers. Studies by the American lung Association have concluded that between 50 to 120,000 thousand deaths a year are linked to the air pollution that are disbursed by air from manufacturing companies. Ant there is little doubt that the depletion of the ozone is caused by atmospheric pollution. According to Coleman/ Cressey (2001), The contamination of our waters with poisonous waste, for example, lead, mercury and dumping radioactive materials at sea to include the sinking of certain types of vessel, has already taken many lives. Thus, alone the American industry creates 3000 new chemicals every year, and most of the hundreds of thousand of chemicals used by industry have never been thoroughly tested to find out how dangerous they really are. For example, Dell Computer has come increasing scrutiny for its failure to take a leading role in reducing the amount toxic materials in the production of computers. All so, Dell Computer is using prison inmates (cheap labor) to handle the recycling of computers component parts. Not only is Dell violating environmental laws and contributing to improper disposal of computers that contain high contents of mercury, but also is endangering the inmates health. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2005). The growth of our ecological problem actually started in the 1960s, which prompted groups and individuals to lobby congress to establish laws to protect the public and impose stiff penalties on those businesses that violated the laws. Out of this era came the Radiation Control for Health and safety act of 1968, Clean Water Act of 1972, and Toxic Substance Act of 1976. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2005). The responsibility of enforcing these laws is entrusted to (EPA), Environmental Protection Agency. Even businesses of today, continue to behave in total unethically manner when it come to pollution. Many large corporation dont have pollution control program and/or mechanism in place that places value on the environment, be it land, sea or air pollution. But, most violators of the Acts receive  just a slap on the wrist. Businesses are more concern about their own self-interest of profits. Thus, continue to show little regards to the fact they are destroying the environment as well as depleting precious resources. Furthermore, the present contemporaries are incline to affluent life style and their materialistic greed have made them careless about the environment. Just as the rules are written for ethical behavior and left open for ones own interpretation and compliance, the same could be said in reference to the pollution control Act, there is a right and wrong way to demonstrate environmental awareness, but organizations continue to ignore the fact that we are on a path of depleting our precious environment. 2. Equal pay for women. I believe that not only must the hierarchical nature of the division labor between the sexes be eliminated, but the very division of labor between the sexes itself must be eliminated if women are to attain equal social status with men and if women are to attain the full development of their human potential. (Hurst, 1998). Throughout history, women were directly involved in production. When the industrial revolution occurred, single women and children were recruited for example from New England to work in textile factories in Rhode Island. Supervisory positions were held by men. Female workers were paid only half of what men were paid, even though they made up approximately 75 percent of the workers (Eisler, 1977). Men were concerned about the entrance of women into the labor market because they felt that it would have a depressing effect on their wages. They fought to keep women out of the craft unions that later developed. Women held strikes in the 1830s and 1840s to protest reductions in wages, speed-ups in work pace, and working hours (Dublin, 1970). Wars change the face of a nation, to include the workforce. During the World War II, jobs held formerly by men were accessible to women. The influx of women into the labor force has continued in recent years. In general, women tend to concentrate in white-collar and service occupations, while men are  more spread out between white collar and blue-collar positions. A decline in occupational segregation has occurred in broad occupational categories, largely because of shifts in technology and organizational structures. But despite these general improvements, women still are found disproportionately in certain occupations such as nursing, teaching and hold only a small percentage of positions as computer specialists, scientist and engineers. Similarly, a man and woman may be both be in sales, but the woman is much more likely to be in clothing sales, while the mans is involved in selling of stocks and bonds. Craft occupations are another group of occupations in which women continue to be severely underrepresented (Herz, Wootton, 1996). According to a US Department of Labor (1996) report, in 1979, women who worked full time made about 63 percent of what men did, but in 1995, women earned about 75 percent as much as men. However, this decline may be due more to decreases in the earnings of men, in general, than it is to real improvement for women (Bernhardt et al., 1995). The Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA) guarantee that women holding essentially the same jobs as men will be treated with respect and fairly compensated regarding all rewards of work: wages, salaries, commissions, overtime pay, bonuses, premium pay, and benefits. However, comparisons cannot be made across different companies. Interestingly, employers may pay workers of one gender more than another on the basis of merit, seniority, quality and quantity of production, or any other factor other than sex. Given that women are still reaching a glass ceiling, particularly when it comes to upper management, CEO positions, these allowed practices are still discriminatory practices. How is equality of position established? By determining and setting criteria for skill, effort, responsibility, and working condition. Ivancevic (2004) maintains that the difference in wages includes also any type of compensation such as vacations, holiday pay, leave of absence, overtime pay, lodging, food, reimbursement for clothing or other expenses. In order to close the remaining earning gap, the concept of equal pay for equal jobs to be expanded to include equal pay for comparable jobs has become more widely  accepted. 3. Women comparable worth in the job market: The concept of comparable worth maintains that since females are discriminated in the labor market we have to look at the worth and intrinsic value of the job, and although jobs may be dissimilar in content (i.e. nurse and plumber), both are important to society and the organization. My wife maintains that she thinks that the garbage man/woman has a much greater worth and value (what would happen if the garbage wouldnt be picked up?) than a doctor, for example, for she seldom goes to the doctor, at least not weekly. Even when men take womens work, they are on top of the pay scale. The solution to the erosion of inequality is, regardless whether viewed from the perspective of equal pay or comparable worth, that womens real wages have to rise faster than mens whose wages dont have to fall. Though laws now prohibit employers from paying a woman with the same qualification less than a man who does the same work. In support of women rights, I would like to see the law expanded to guarantee that the jobs in which most workers are mostly women are paid at roughly the same rate as comparable jobs in which most workers are men. My own personal experience of equal pay and comparable worth is linked to the military pay system. This particular pay system is a product of across the broad theory, that regardless of gender, the pay at this particular rank is the same for both male and female. There are four major factors that govern advancement for the sexes: education, time in service, training, and experience, though there are special incentives for those with critical skills. In other words, all jobs in this particular specialty are to be considered to be equal in pay for all. Therefore it is my belief regardless if you are male or female with identical qualification and capable of performing at the next level there should be no hesitation in advancement. It has been proven time and time again throughout ranks of military professionals, that women are just as capable and sometime more capable than men at performing the same job, but at a higher rate of success and enthusiasm. In closing, the net worth should be based on the value each job (not female or male) renders to the organization. Reference Bernhardt, Martina Morris, and Mark S. Handcock. 1995. Womens Gains or Mens Losses? A Closer Look at the Shrinking Gender Gap in Earnings. American Journal of Sociology 101:302-28. Dublin, Thomas. 1979. Women at Work. New York: Columbia University Press. Eisler, Benita, ed. 1977. The Lowell Offering. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott. Herz, Diane E., and Barbara H. Wooton. 1996. Women in the Workforce: An Overview. Pp 44-78 in The American Woman 1996-7, edited by C. Costellor and B.K Krimgold. New York: Norton. Hurst, Charles E. 1998. Social Inequality: Forms Causes and Consequences. Allen Beacon: Needham Heights, MA. Invancevich, J. M. 2004. Human Resource Management. (9th ed). New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin. U.S. Department of Labor, January 1996. Employment and Earnings. Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office.

Western Hemisphere Essay Example for Free

Western Hemisphere Essay In the novel, Michele Wucker shows lots of events from the history of the island. She starts from the conquest of the Taino Indians to the colonial skirmishes between the French and Spanish for possession of the island. After that the author goes to the United States occupation of Haiti in 1915 and to the invasion of the US of the Dominican Republic in 1965. Throughout this panoramic history Michele Wucker inserts lively portraits of Haitians and Dominicans struggling in Hispaniola and abroad: she shows displaced peasants on the outskirts of Santo Domingo and immigrants who came to look for a happier life in New York. The author reports on the struggles between Dominicans and Haitians and depicts the events which happened around 60 years ago when the Dominican dictator Trujillo ordered 30,000 Haitians to be killed. The author also describes Vodou rituals in Dominican sugarcane fields where Haitians were working like slaves. She does her best to show the fights between the nations and also devote lots of attention to policies of the United States towards every nation. Michele Wucker finds it very important to analyze the often contradictory policies of the United States towards each other nations inhabiting Hispaniola which continue to influence the density of two important countries and of tens of thousands of Haitians and Dominicans living in the United States. The policy of the United States towards the discussed nations should be trying to settle the conflicts between them and overcoming contradictions but never putting more oil into the fire of their conflict. It’s a very interesting approach how Michele Wucker moves from one strongman and atrocity to another, e. g. conquering Spaniards complain about the noisiness of natives when they are punished by being roasted alive; Trujillo massacres at least 15,000 Haitians residing from the Dominican Republic in 1937; and the Duvaliers arrogantly loot their own country which is the poorest in the Western Hemisphere. One of the major themes of the novel is the role of racism in the island’s history and its influence on the life of the nations inhabiting the island. Haiti came to be dominated by light-skin elite and a series of Dominican leaders, especially Trujillo, who sympathized with Nazi race ideology demonized Haitians and dark-skinned Dominicans. As we all know, the problem of racism has always been very important in history and was the reason of lots of fights, so there is no wonder it was also the reason of different conflicts in Hispaniola. Another important theme covered in the novel is the theme of migration. Michele Wucker interviews a cutter who originally came from Haiti to the Dominican Republic to work and who has lived on a plantation for almost the entire life and finds out about the unbearable conditions in which he was working and about all the tortures and sufferings which he had to go though all the time while he was working in the plantation. Lots of people like him had to work like slaves in the plantations for pennies an hour and the Dominican Government was literally purchasing thousands of workers each year from the Haitian Government through annual contracts. Those people had no rights and they had to work day and night in the plantations. Migration was playing an important role beyond the island, too and the million Haitian immigrants in Miami and New York were a major influence in forcing Clinton Administration to restore Jean-Bertrand Aristide to the power in 1994. Returning to the fight which goes on between fighting cocks and which is the main theme of the novel, we have to mention that the leaders, like the Duvaliers and Balaguer who were staging bloody fights in the arenas, while the players on the sidelines- the armed forces, the bourgeoisie- were wagering on the outcome. Michele Wucker even enlisted St. Augustine who was watching cockfight which he happened to see and wrote of the deformity of a blooded, defeated cock that ‘by that very deformity was the more perfect beauty of the contest in evidence’. It is also important to analyze the final scene in the novel which takes place during the carnival on the outskirts of the Dominican capital, Santo Domingo, where Haitian immigrants reside. The scene shows Haitians and Dominicans dancing together during the carnival and this scene means that there are lots of situations in which even those people who were fighting with each other can find a way to understand each other and be friends and forget about the previous fights. According to the words of Michele Wucker, ‘During the carnival, the festival that flaunts limits and rules and real conflicts disappear as Dominicans and Haitians celebrate their differences and their common roots’. This means that no matter what the color of skin of people inhabiting the Hispaniola island is, what history the nations inhabiting it have, they still have to overcome all the distinctions and do their best to live in peace. As long as people realize that it’s much better to live in peace and that distinctions between nations should never result in conflicts, they can always hope for a happy future. Bibliography: http://wucker.com/

Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) Benefits

Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) Benefits Indian agriculture has a rich historical past. Hymns in Rigveda describe plowing, sowing, irrigation, fruit and vegetable cultivation. An ancient Indian Sanskrit text, Bhumivargaha, classified agricultural land into twelve categories: urvara (fertile), ushara (barren), pankikala (muddy), maru (desert), aprahata (fallow), jalaprayah (watery), kachchaha (land contiguous to water), sharkara (full of pebbles and pieces of limestone), shadvala (grassy), nadimatruka (land watered from a river), sharkaravati (sandy), and devamatruka (rainfed). Archaeological evidence suggests that rice was grown along the banks of the Indian river Ganges in the sixth millennium BC. Thousands of years ago, Indian farmers used to domesticate cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs and horses The farmers used traditional methods of cultivation. However, over past fifty years Indian population has tripled. To meet the food requirements of the increasing population and save them from starvation increase in farm production was the need of the hour. Norman Borlaug, titled as the Father of the Green Revolution introduced the concepts of introduction of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains, increase of irrigation infrastructure, advancement of management techniques, distribution of hybridized seeds, use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to farmers in developing countries. India too successfully implemented it, which led to rapid growths in farm productivity and enabled us to become self-sufficient by the 1970s. However, this historical revolution created some problems also. For example high yield was associated with land degradation. Also there was increase in number of weeds. There was evidence of chemicals in water and crops making them unsafe. Today, India is among the top three global producers of many crops, includ ing wheat, rice, cotton, pulses, peanuts, fruits and vegetables. Worldwide, India has the largest herds of buffalo and cattle. It is also the largest producer of milk. Also India has one of the largest and fastest growing poultry industries. India’s basic strength lies in its farms. With this huge farm productivity it becomes imperative that the safety and quality of farm produce is ensured at all stages of production. We need to balance the requirements of food security and safety both. The solution to this complex problem is by adopting Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs). To increasing the quantity and quality of food in response to growing demand it is required to increase the agricultural productivity. Good agricultural practices, often in combination with effective input use, are one of the best ways to increase productivity and improve quality. GAPs enhance the production safe and good quality food. These practices are ususally environmentally safe and ensure that the final product is appropriate handled, stored and transported. When GAPs are put in practice in true spirit it can be assured that the food will meet quality and safety standards at the time of harvest. GAPs protect food at the primary stage of production from contamination by the following :- Physical hazards like rocks, dirt ,sand filth, putrid and decomposed materials Toxic chemical hazards and contaminants from the environment like heavy metals, environmental pollutants and industrial chemicals) Excessive or unsafe levels of agricultural chemical residues as pesticides, fertilizers, veterinary drugs and other chemicals Contamination or damage by pests, vermin and other insects Biological contamination by mould, pathogenic bacteria or viruses which can cause spoilage, crop damage and food borne illness or chronic health hazards in humans According to Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations Good Agricultural Practices are practices that address environmental, economic and social sustainability for on-farm processes, and result in safe and quality food and non-food agricultural products (figure 1). Figure 1: Four main pillars of GAP. The international market is becoming competitive. The developed countries have become more demanding, critical and stringent when it comes to accepting export of food from developing countries. To have a good standing of our farm produce in the international market Indian Good Agricultural Practices (INDGAP) have been formulated. Adopting theses practices will ensure a safe and sustainable farm produce. INDGAP defines certain minimum standards with a well defined system of accreditation mechanism and implementation of GAP. These standards are voluntary and non discriminatory to the growers. INDGAP has different modules for all farm, crops, fruits and vegetables, combinable crops, green tea and coffee. Broad outline of various aspects which need to be managed are :- Site history and management Soil management Soil mapping Plant nutrition management an fertilizers Irrigation and fertigation Integrated pest management Plant protection products Traceability Complaints management Visitors safety Record keeping Health welfare and safety of workers Environmental conservation Waste and pollution management The potential benefits of GAP are significant improvement in quality and safety of food and other agricultural products. There is a marked reduction in risk of non-compliance with national and international regulations regarding permitted pesticides, maximum levels of contaminants (including pesticides, veterinary drugs, radionuclide and mycotoxins) in food and non-food agricultural products, as well as other chemical, microbiological and physical contamination hazards. Adoption of GAP helps to promote sustainable agriculture and contributes to meeting national and international environment and social development objectives. However there are various challenges related to GAP. The most prominent is a definite increase in cost of production. There is lack of harmonization between existing GAP-related schemes and availability of affordable certification systems which often leads to increased confusion and certification costs for farmers and exporters. There is a high risk that small-scale farmers will not be able to seize export market opportunities unless they are adequately informed, technically prepared and organised to meet this new challenge. It is required that governments and public agencies play a facilitating role in this aspect. However, at times it has been experienced that compliance with GAP standards does not promote all the environmental and social benefits which are claimed. Some key points for adopting GAP are:- Selecting the right type of land to be cultivated for food crop production; Planting the best-quality seeds and of the most appropriate varieties; Use of authorized and acceptable chemical inputs (fertilizers, pesticides) as per approved directions (e.g. concentration, frequency, timing of use); Controlling the quality of irrigation water (in case of use); Use of appropriate harvesting and on-farm storing and handling techniques; Use of suitable methods for shipping of produceto markets or food processors.

Huck Finn 10 :: essays research papers

Huck Finn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the beginning of time people have been living on their own. They have been relying on themselves to survive for centuries. In many books the characters also must rely on themselves, as Huck Finn does in Mark Twain’s book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Huck Finn is a book about a boy growing up , and his flight down the Mississippi River. Through his actions and thoughts Huck is able to survive the dangers of the river and in doing so develops self reliance and independence as well as non-conformity to what is acceptable to society. Huck Finn is definitely a non-conformist in the truest sense of the word. Non-conformity means to go against what all other people think and do. In the book Huck chooses not to go to school,. and therefore it makes him a non-conformist because everyone else goes to school. Another example of non-conformity that Huck shows is running away with Jim. No one ever would think about running away with a black man. It is absurd ,because it is going against the rest of society and what they believed about slavery. Huck’s actions definitely makes him a non-conformist. A third example of non-conformity in Huck is not wanting to be civilized. Huck says,†Aunt Sally she’s going to adopt me and sivilize me, and I can’t stand it. I been there before.† (294) This quote shows that Huck doesn’t like to be civilized like the rest of society making him an outcast and non-conformist. Huck Finn is a very self-reliant person and he shows it in his thoughts and actions throughout the book. Self reliance is to use your mind on your own to be able to do things. Just as Emerson said, â€Å"A weed is a plant with wise virtues which have not yet been discovered.† Huck throughout the book is a boy searching for himself. Huck is self reliant because he does not know what he wants but through testing situations he discovers what he likes. Huck tries school but realizes it isn’t for him. He is self reliant because he is able to make choices on his own without any help.. Another example of self reliance in Huck is his ability to use what ever means he can, to get out of tight situations. Throughout the book Huck uses elaborate tales and lies to help him get through life.

A Sense of Proportion Essay -- British Empire, Conflict, War

More English soldiers died in the Great War than in any other British Empire conflict. Under the best of circumstances, this would have been a difficult burden to bear. Moreover, the manner of fighting shattered all romantic notions of noble and gallant warfare - there is nothing noble or gallant about trench warfare or poison gas. Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway is a novel that speaks to belated trauma and the cruelty of failing to face its realities. Much of this sentiment is expressed by the futile struggles of Septimus Smith, a psychologically maimed soldier who has returned from the Western Front. And, while feeling incapable of love contributes to Septimus’s demise, the immediate cause is the intensely evil conduct demonstrated by his doctor, Sir William Bradshaw. Septimus suffers from both a frozen heart and a stricken soul. Since his return from the war , now married for five years to Rezia from Milan, his life has been increasingly drab and unfulfilling, struggling as always to make sense of things, but without real success, except for some sporadic moments of clarity and self understanding. His mind and heart remain captives of his war sufferings, which he never really rises above. His affliction is ever-present and all encompassing regardless of where he happens to be or what he happens to be doing. Even his relationship with his wife appears to be null and non-existent, content as he is, he appears: â€Å"to talk to himself, to talk to a dead man, on the seat over there† (65). Septimus’s shell-shocked condition deteriorates so much in his postwar setting: â€Å"he descends another step into the pit†¦he dropped his head on his hands. Now he had surrendered; now other people must help him† (90). Dr. Holmes, a kindly, amia... ... gone to Sir William for a consultation. Her earlier experience with Sir William now connects her to Septimus and also validates the Smith’s fears in dealing with Sir William. Sir William, for Clarissa, is a messenger of terrible news. â€Å"Oh! Thought Clarissa, in the middle of my party, here’s death, she thought† (183). Sir William is for her a sinister and menacing force, and the sight of him â€Å"curls her up† (182). She recognizes him as an â€Å"extraordinary able† (183) doctor, but â€Å"yet to her obscurely evil, without sex or lust, extremely polite to women, but capable of some indescribable outrage – forcing your soul, that was it†(184). In Septimus, Clarissa not only sees her own mortality, but also feels a fleeting and fragile human existence which questions sin, guilt, evil, death, and redemption. Sir William is clearly the novel’s metaphor for evil par excellence.

Mechanism of Transfer in Gene Therapy Essay examples -- Gene Therapy

Mechanism of Transfer in Gene Therapy Abstract: Gene therapy is the transfer of â€Å"normal† genes into the body to replace defective or undesired genes. The transfer may be in somatic or germline cells and may take place in vivo or in vitro. The DNA may be inserted in a retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes simplex virus, or liposome, or it may be naked DNA. The vector travels to a target cell and inserts the gene, which goes to the host cell’s nucleus and may integrate into the genome. In cells with dominant negative genes, resulting protein must be prevented from translation or transcription using oligonucleotides or antisense technology. Though many obstacles delay the development of gene therapy, this new field will surely improve the future of medicine. Mechanism of Transfer in Gene Therapy Gene therapy is a method of replacing defective or undesired genes in the body with â€Å"normal† genes. A vector is re-engineered to deliver the gene to a target cell. Then the gene is transferred to the cell’s nucleus and must be activated in order to function. The gene must be integrated into the cell’s genome in order for it to continue to function and be replicated. Side effects are possible because the vector may be detected as a foreign substance by the body’s immune system. Gene therapy may take place either in vivo or in vitro, the transfer may be in either somatic or germline cells, and a variety of viral and non-viral vectors may be used. In vivo gene therapy is done inside a living organism. This is accomplished by inhalation, oral administration, intramuscular injection, or intravenous administration (Brooks, 24). Currently, most in vivo experiments have taken place in animals other than humans. Most gen... ...ocated, ensure that gene therapy will be a revolutionary aspect of medicine’s future. Bibliography Brooks, Gavin. Gene Therapy: The use of DNA as a drug. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 2002. â€Å"Gene Therapy.† Human Genome Project Information. 18 November 2005. U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. 28 July 2007. â€Å"Gene Therapy: Molecular Bandage?† Learn.Genetics. 2007. The University of Utah, Genetic Science Learning Center. 28 July 2007. Januario E. Castro, Thomas J. Kipps. â€Å"Chapter 26. Principles of Gene Transfer for Therapy.† Williams Hematology, 7th Edition. United States of America: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2006. 28 July, 2007.

Race and Ethnicity in Childhood Obesity Essay

Many early life risk factors for childhood obesity are more prevalent among blacks and Hispanics than among whites and may explain the higher prevalence of obesity among racial/ethnic minority children. Eliminating racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care is a national priority, and obesity is a prime target. During the last 30 years in the United States, the prevalence of obesity among children has dramatically increased, sparing no age group. Obesity in childhood is associated with adverse cardio-metabolic outcomes such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type II diabetes and with other long-term adverse outcomes, including both physical and psychosocial consequences. By the preschool years, racial/ethnic disparities in obesity prevalence are already present, suggesting that disparities in childhood obesity prevalence have their origins in the earliest stages of life. Several risk factors during pregnancy are associated with increased risk of offspring obesity, including excessive maternal gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes, and smoking during pregnancy, antenatal depression, and biological stress. During infancy and early childhood, rapid infant weight gain, infant feeding practices, sleep duration, child’s diet, physical activity, and sedentary practices are associated with the development of obesity. Studies have found substantial racial/ethnic differences in many of these early life risk factors for childhood obesity. It is possible that racial/ethnic differences in early life risk factors for obesity might contribute to the high prevalence of obesity among minority preschool-age children and beyond. Understanding these differences may help inform the design of clinical and public health interventions and policies to reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity and eliminate disparities among racial/ethnic minority children. Race and Ethnicity in Childhood Obesity Race is a group whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups. Races refer to broad division of people based on their biological characteristics such as color of skin, color of hair and their facial features. These differences developed among humans in prehistoric times due to different groups of people developing in different parts of the world isolated from each other. Originally all humans in the world belonged to one of the other of these pure races. However in today’s world it is difficult to find people of that time. Most of the people living now have mixed racial ancestry. Ethnicity refers to the common characteristics of a group of people that distinguish them from most other people of the same society. Ethnicity is based on commonality of ancestry, culture, language, nationality, or religion, or a combination of these things. Biological characteristics that play a part in racial differences may be visible in an ethnic group, but these characteristic do not form a criteria for defining an ethnic group. Although childhood obesity is increasing in all ethnic and racial groups, its prevalence is higher in nonwhite populations. The reasons for the differences in prevalence of obesity among groups are complex, likely involving genetics, physiology, culture, socioeconomic status, environment and interactions among these variables as well as others not fully recognized. The relationship between race and ethnicity in childhood obesity is that obesity disproportionately affects certain minority youth populations. NHANES found that African American and Mexican American adolescents ages 12-19 were more likely to be overweight, at 21 percent and 23 percent respectively, than non-Hispanic White adolescents (14 percent). In children 6-11 years old, 22 percent of Mexican American children were overweight, whereas 20 percent of African American children and 14 percent of non-Hispanic White children were overweight. In addition to the children and teens that were overweight in 1999-2002, another 15 percent were at risk of becoming overweight. In a national survey of American Indian children 5-18 years old, 39 percent were found to be overweight or at risk for overweight. In most of the states examined, blacks had the highest prevalence (number of existing cases in a defined group of people during a specific time period) of obesity, followed by Hispanics, and then whites. Greater prevalence’s of obesity for non-Hispanic blacks and whites were found in the Midwest and South. Among Hispanics lower prevalence was observed in the Northeast compared to other regions. At least three reasons may account for the racial and ethnic differences in obesity. First, racial and ethnic groups differ in behaviors that contribute to weight gain; second explanation may be differences in individual attitudes and cultural norms related to body weight. A third explanation may be differences in access to affordable, healthful foods and safe locations to be physically active; this limited access may negatively impact diet and physical activity levels. An ethnic group as subpopulations is that low -income and some racial and ethnic subpopulations are more likely to suffer from obesity. Inequities in the physical and social environment may contribute to disparities in pediatric obesity, but there is little empirical evidence to date. This study explored whether neighborhood-level socioeconomic factors attenuate racial and ethnic disparities in obesity among youth in the USA and whether individual-level socioeconomic status (SES) interacts with neighborhood deprivation. In addition, although some of the risk factors for obesity are relatively ubiquitous in settings where American children and youth spend their time in the mall or at home, epidemiologic evidence shows that African-American, Hispanic/ Latino, American Indian/Alaska. Native, and Pacific Islander populations and children experiencing poverty are more likely to live in environments with inadequate support for health-promoting behaviors. Assessing the impact of these different environments presents an enormous challenge for tracking progress against obesity in diverse populations. Racial/ethnic minority children bear a disproportionate share of the burden of obesity and its related comorbidities. The degree of obesity also differs among racial/ethnic minority children. Compared to non-Hispanic white children, non-Hispanic black girls and Hispanic boys had almost 2-fold greater odds of being severely obese. The urban populations of the United States are at a higher risk for obesity than their suburban and rural counterparts. The ethnicity of the urban residents plays a factor in their obesity. In the USA the prevalence of overweight among children aged 4–12 years rose twice as fast in Hispanic and African–American groups compared with white groups over the period 1986–1998. The socioeconomic aspect of the urban area neighborhoods is also a larger factor in the obesity of American urban youth. Culture can influence the utilization of health services; affecting the likelihood that childhood obesity can be prevented or effectively treated in specific ethnic groups. Although physical activity is obviously important in energy balance, intensive physical activity interventions in obese children have produced only small changes in body weight, with somewhat greater changes in metabolic and cardiovascular indexes. Obesity is disproportionately prevalent among racial/ethnic minority children and recent trends suggest these disparities are widening. Our findings suggest that modifiable risk factors throughout the life course, including factors during infancy and early childhood, as well as social conditions in childhood and trans-generational obesity, are critical to understanding how disparities in childhood obesity arise. They also imply that efforts to eliminate racial/ethnic disparities in childhood obesity should focus on preventing these early life risk factors within the socio-environmental context in which they occur. Studies of race and health frequently invoke racism, prejudice, and discrimination as possible reasons for high levels of morbidity and mortality among black and among other racial and ethnic minorities. Obesity is highly stigmatized in our society. Overweight and obese individuals are vulnerable to negative bias, prejudice and discrimination in many different settings, including the workplace, educational institutions, and health care facilities and even within interpersonal relationships. Despite the increasing prevalence of obesity, it appears that incidences of weight discrimination are only becoming worse. Obesity now affects one in five children in the United States. Discrimination against overweight children begins early in childhood and becomes progressively institutionalized. Because obese children tend to be taller than their no overweight peers, they are apt to be viewed as more mature. The inappropriate expectations that result may have an adverse effect on their socialization. References Reilly JJ, Armstrong J, Dorosty AR, et al. Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study. BMJ. 2005; 330(7504): 1357 http://pediatrics. aappublications. org/content/125/4/686. full Kimbro RT, Brooks-Gunn J, McLanahan S. Racial and ethnic differentials in overweight and obesity among 3-year-old children. Am J Public Health. 2007; 97(2): 298–305 Wang YC, Gortmaker SL, Taveras EM. Trends and racial/ethnic disparities in severe obesity among US children and adolescents, 1976-2006. International journal of pediatric obesity : IJPO : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2010 Mar 17; http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC3835398/ http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/books/NBK24680/ Puhl, R. M. , Andreyeva, T. , & Brownell, K. D (2008). Perceptions of weight discrimination: prevalence and comparison to race and gender discrimination in America. International Journal of Obesity. doi: 10. 1038/ijo. 2008. 22 http://www. obesityaction. org/educational-resources/resource-articles-2/weight-bias/weight- discrimination-a-socially-acceptable-injustice.

Tasmac

Chapter 20: Development Experience Of India Pakistan And China- A Comparative Study Learning Objectives: INTRODUCTION : *China *Pakistan COMPARITIVE STUDY: INDIA, CHINA AND PAKISTAN †¢ Demographic Indicators †¢ Growth Indicators †¢ Human development Indicators. †¢ Appraisal of Development Strategies ( China and Pakistan ) Q1. Compare between India, China,& Pakistan in terms of GDP growthrate. Ans: After the Independence in 1947, India & Pakistan adopted planned development programmes which relied on public sector to spearhead the process of growth and development. China adopted more rigorous model of growth in 1949 and it decided to bring all critical areas of production activity under government control. †¢ The great leap forward (GLF) campaign was launched in 1958, focusing on widespread Industrialization of the Economy. People were encouraged to launch household Industry in the country yards. †¢ China adopted Commune system of agricultural production which was a system of collective cultivation. †¢ Great Proletarian Cultural revolution launched in 1065 and making it mandatory for the students and professionals to go to the country side to work and learn from the countryside. Chinas Export driven manufacturing is the key parameter of its success story in economic growth. †¢ Till about 1980, the economies of India, china, & Pakistan did not show much divergence in the GDP growth rate and it was around 4% annually. †¢ It was around early 1980s in China, mid 80’s in Pakistan, 90’s in India that the breakthrough in GDP Growth rate was recorded. †¢ In 2005, India & Pakistan both recorded GDP growth of 6 to 8 percent, where as china recorded GDP growth of about 10% per annum. 2.Compare the structure of growth between India, China, and Pakistan. % Share in GDP % share in employment India Pakistan China India Pakistan China Primary 23 23 15 60 49 54 Secondary 26 23 53 16 18 27 Tertiary 51 54 32 24 33 19 China has succeeded in placing greater reliance on Industrial sector compared to India &Pakistan. It is due to (i) GLF , a campaign launched in China in 1958 focusing on widespread Industrialization of the Country . (ii) Policy of reforms and opening up launched in 1978 which gave big push to china’s manufacturing exports.Page | 74 Sector Q4. What is the important implication of the one child norm in China? Ans : One child norm in China has successfully reduced the growth rate of population . †¢ After few decades in china there will be more elderly people in proportion to young people. †¢ This will force China to take steps to provide social security measures with fewer workers. Q5. Compare the Demographic profile of India, China, and Pakistan. Ans: One child policy in china adopted since 1979 has reduced the growth rate of population from 1. 3 percent in 1979 to0. 64% in 2005. (i) Growth rate of Population Country Growth rate of Population 0. 64 China 1. 33 India 2 . 5 Pakistan Fertility rate is also very low in china as Compared to India & Pakistan. ii)Low Density of Population Country Person per square kilometer China 138 India 358 Pakistan 193 iii) Urbanization Country % of Population China 36% India 28% Pakistan 34% iv) Sex ratio Country Female per 1000 male China 937 India 933 Pakistan 922 Q6. Compare between the parameter of Human development. Ans.Human development i)HDI Ranking Country Ranking in the world China 81 India 128 Pakistan 136 ii) INFANT MORTALITY RATE Country Per thousand China 30 India 63 Pakistan 81 iii) Maternal Mortality Rate Country Per Lack China 56 Page | 75 India Pakistan iv) Improved Sanitation Country China India Pakistan v) Safe Drinking Water facility Country China India China vi) Below Poverty Line Country China India Pakistan 540 500 Of Population 44% 30% 54% Of Population 77% 86% 77% Of Population 16. 6% 21. 8% 13. 4% Q7. Mention the common success story of India &Pakistan.Ans; i) A substantial rise in GDP per capita. ii) Self-sufficiency in food production. iii) Dualistic nature of the economy is gradually declining. iv) Considerable increase in the incidence of poverty. Q8. Mention the common failures of India and Pakistan. Ans. I) Relatively slow pace of GDP growth rate as Compared to China. 2) Poor performance in HDI ranking. 3) Poor fiscal management. 4) Lack of political interest for social prosperity. Q 9. Mention the areas where India has an edge over Pakistan. Ans. i) Skilled manpower ii) Investment in Education. ii) Health facilities. Q10. Mention the areas where Pakistan has an edge over India. Ans: 1) Urbanization 2) Less percentage of population below poverty line. 3) More percentage of population having access to improved water sources. Q11. Mention the areas where China has an edge over India. Ans. 1) China has successfully focused on Pro-poor reforms. 2) Agrarian reforms have been effectively carried out. 3) Export driven manufacturing has significantly grown, adding to t he pace of GDP growth. 4) SEZ policy has proved to be a boon for FDI flow in India. Page | 76 Tasmac Chapter 20: Development Experience Of India Pakistan And China- A Comparative Study Learning Objectives: INTRODUCTION : *China *Pakistan COMPARITIVE STUDY: INDIA, CHINA AND PAKISTAN †¢ Demographic Indicators †¢ Growth Indicators †¢ Human development Indicators. †¢ Appraisal of Development Strategies ( China and Pakistan ) Q1. Compare between India, China,& Pakistan in terms of GDP growthrate. Ans: After the Independence in 1947, India & Pakistan adopted planned development programmes which relied on public sector to spearhead the process of growth and development. China adopted more rigorous model of growth in 1949 and it decided to bring all critical areas of production activity under government control. †¢ The great leap forward (GLF) campaign was launched in 1958, focusing on widespread Industrialization of the Economy. People were encouraged to launch household Industry in the country yards. †¢ China adopted Commune system of agricultural production which was a system of collective cultivation. †¢ Great Proletarian Cultural revolution launched in 1065 and making it mandatory for the students and professionals to go to the country side to work and learn from the countryside. Chinas Export driven manufacturing is the key parameter of its success story in economic growth. †¢ Till about 1980, the economies of India, china, & Pakistan did not show much divergence in the GDP growth rate and it was around 4% annually. †¢ It was around early 1980s in China, mid 80’s in Pakistan, 90’s in India that the breakthrough in GDP Growth rate was recorded. †¢ In 2005, India & Pakistan both recorded GDP growth of 6 to 8 percent, where as china recorded GDP growth of about 10% per annum. 2.Compare the structure of growth between India, China, and Pakistan. % Share in GDP % share in employment India Pakistan China India Pakistan China Primary 23 23 15 60 49 54 Secondary 26 23 53 16 18 27 Tertiary 51 54 32 24 33 19 China has succeeded in placing greater reliance on Industrial sector compared to India &Pakistan. It is due to (i) GLF , a campaign launched in China in 1958 focusing on widespread Industrialization of the Country . (ii) Policy of reforms and opening up launched in 1978 which gave big push to china’s manufacturing exports.Page | 74 Sector Q4. What is the important implication of the one child norm in China? Ans : One child norm in China has successfully reduced the growth rate of population . †¢ After few decades in china there will be more elderly people in proportion to young people. †¢ This will force China to take steps to provide social security measures with fewer workers. Q5. Compare the Demographic profile of India, China, and Pakistan. Ans: One child policy in china adopted since 1979 has reduced the growth rate of population from 1. 3 percent in 1979 to0. 64% in 2005. (i) Growth rate of Population Country Growth rate of Population 0. 64 China 1. 33 India 2 . 5 Pakistan Fertility rate is also very low in china as Compared to India & Pakistan. ii)Low Density of Population Country Person per square kilometer China 138 India 358 Pakistan 193 iii) Urbanization Country % of Population China 36% India 28% Pakistan 34% iv) Sex ratio Country Female per 1000 male China 937 India 933 Pakistan 922 Q6. Compare between the parameter of Human development. Ans.Human development i)HDI Ranking Country Ranking in the world China 81 India 128 Pakistan 136 ii) INFANT MORTALITY RATE Country Per thousand China 30 India 63 Pakistan 81 iii) Maternal Mortality Rate Country Per Lack China 56 Page | 75 India Pakistan iv) Improved Sanitation Country China India Pakistan v) Safe Drinking Water facility Country China India China vi) Below Poverty Line Country China India Pakistan 540 500 Of Population 44% 30% 54% Of Population 77% 86% 77% Of Population 16. 6% 21. 8% 13. 4% Q7. Mention the common success story of India &Pakistan.Ans; i) A substantial rise in GDP per capita. ii) Self-sufficiency in food production. iii) Dualistic nature of the economy is gradually declining. iv) Considerable increase in the incidence of poverty. Q8. Mention the common failures of India and Pakistan. Ans. I) Relatively slow pace of GDP growth rate as Compared to China. 2) Poor performance in HDI ranking. 3) Poor fiscal management. 4) Lack of political interest for social prosperity. Q 9. Mention the areas where India has an edge over Pakistan. Ans. i) Skilled manpower ii) Investment in Education. ii) Health facilities. Q10. Mention the areas where Pakistan has an edge over India. Ans: 1) Urbanization 2) Less percentage of population below poverty line. 3) More percentage of population having access to improved water sources. Q11. Mention the areas where China has an edge over India. Ans. 1) China has successfully focused on Pro-poor reforms. 2) Agrarian reforms have been effectively carried out. 3) Export driven manufacturing has significantly grown, adding to t he pace of GDP growth. 4) SEZ policy has proved to be a boon for FDI flow in India. Page | 76